78 APPLE 



before the flowers open, it is advisable to add Paris green 

 or other arsenical poison to the Bordeaux mixture at the 

 early spraying. The number of times to spray depends 



upon the thoroughness of the work, the pests to be com- 

 batted, and the season j but it is a good rule to expect 

 to spray with the combined Bordeaux and Paris green 

 mixture when the buds burst, and again when the petals 

 have fallen. In the Plains country, less spraying may 

 be necessary for the fungous diseases. 



The apple commonly bears on spurs. The fruit-bud is 

 distinguished by its greater size (usually somewhat 

 thicker than its branch), its greater width in proportion 

 to its length, and more conspicuous pubescence. It is 

 also distinguished by its position. A fruit-bud is shown 

 in Pig. 108. A fruit-scar is shown near the base of the 

 branch. If this fruit was borne in 1898, the side branch 

 grew in 1899, from a bud which came into existence in 

 1898. If we go back to the spring of 1898, the matter can 

 be made plain. A cluster of flowers appeared. One 

 flower set a fruit (Pig. 109). This apple is at the end of 

 the branchlet or spur. The spur cannot increase in 



agth in the s 



1. Therefore, a oua appears on 

 n fruit absorbs the energies of 

 .• iiouiishnient left for the bud. 

 i'iitimiiv ; the following vear it 

 ui.l iiiikrs a fruit-bud at its end 

 ,■ tlitro arises an alternation in 



the spur. T 

 The bud awaits t 

 grows into a brain 

 (Pig. 108); and t 

 fruit-bearing. 



The apple is budded or root-grafted upon common 

 apple seedlings. These seedlings are usually grown from 



seeds obtained from cider mills, 

 trees are preferred. In the West 

 preferred, largely becaui 



n the East, budded 



iot-gratted trees are 



own-rooted trees of known 



APPLESEED 



hardiness can be secured. {See Graftage.) In Russia, 

 seedlings of Pyrus baccata are used as stocks. They 

 prevent root-killing, and give earlier fruit-bearing. Ap- 

 ples are dwarfed by working them on various kinds of 

 Paradise and Doucin stocks. These stocks are merely 

 n iturillj dwarf forms of the common apple, and which, 

 111 III n mote time, have originated from seeds. Dwarf 



111 I e much grown in Europe, where small-area cul- 

 ti 11 11 111 1 wall training are common, but they are lit- 

 tl ki w n in America. Apple trees are usually planted 

 when two or three years old. 



The varieties of apple trees actually on sale in North 

 America in any year are not far from 1,000 kinds. Each 

 gre'vt geographical area has varieties which are particu- 

 1 11 1\ 1 1 iptcd to It. In the northern Mississippi valley, 

 tl I 1 i w of the eastern-states apples which thrive. 

 \ 1 1 1 hue been introduced from Russia with the 



\| t n II that they will be adapted to the region ; but 

 111 1 1 I 1 e e\pected of their progeny than of them- 

 sehes \ iiieties of local origin, coming from various 

 stem types are now providing that country with satis- 

 factory apples In the selection of varieties, one should 

 be guided by this adaptation to the region, and by the pur- 

 pose for which the fruit is designed to be grown. Con- 

 sult the recom- 



ded lists of 

 the state horti- 

 cultural socie- 

 ties ; ask per- A -^iji4, 



sons who 1 ^ 



had experi 

 in the gh 

 gion ; w 

 the expe 



commercia 

 rieties in North 

 America are Al- 

 bemarle Pippin, 

 American Gol- 

 den Russet, As- 

 trachan, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Blue Peariiiain, Duchess 

 of Oldenburg, Fameuse, Gilliflower, Graveustein, Janet, 

 King, Lawver, Maiden's Blush, Missouri Pippin, New- 

 town Pippin, Northern Spy, Peck's Pleasant, Pennock, 

 Rhode Island Greening, Rome 

 Beauty, Shocklev, Twenty Ounce, 

 Wealthy.Willow Twig, Wolf River, 

 York Imperial. See Plate 1. Bald- 

 win and Ben Davis, the former of 

 inferior quality and the latter of 

 worse, hold the supremacy in 

 American market apples. The 

 apples of the eastern and central 

 country tend towards flattened or 

 oblate shapes (Fig. 111). The typi- 

 cal form of the so-called long or 

 conical American apple may be 

 seen in Fig. 110. The apples of 



Europe are often distinctly attenuated anil ribbed at the 

 apex (Fig. 112); and this "form is also accented in the 

 regions beyond the Rockies. 



Three books devoted wholly to the apple have ap- 

 peared in North America: Warder, Apples, 1887 (the 

 lirsi 1 ; To.hl, .\i.plf Culturist, 1871; Bailey, Field Notes 

 ,iiiA|.|'I-riillnrr, issi;. Consult, also. Vol. 25, Nebraska 

 ,sii,ir Ih.nioiliiiral Society, 1894; The Apple, a report 

 i.f til.- K;iri'.,.v siiii.. Horticultural Society, 1898. Nearly 

 all the truit manuals devote space to the apple. 



L. H. B. 



AFFLESEED, JOHNNY. An interesting and eccen- 

 tric character, who sowed apple seeds in the wilds of 

 Ohio and Indiana between 1801 and 1847. His real name 

 was Jonathan Chapman. He was born in Boston in 

 1775, and died in 1847. For 46 years he walked bare- 

 foot through the wilderness, and was never harmed by 

 snakes, wild animals, or Indians. He was often clad in 

 a coffee-sack, in which he made holes for the arms and 

 legs. He would never kill any creature, and considered 

 pruning and grafting wicked. Swedenborg and the 



111. The flat or oblate Ameri 



1 apple. 



112, An Irish apple 



