CALCEOLARIA 



and spotted on the up-curved slipper. Peru, Bolivia. B.M. 

 6330.— C. Paednii. Benth. Herbaceous : Ivs. large and wrinkled, 

 , base, the radical ( ' ' "" 



CALIFORNIA 



215 



jagged and toothed : lis. large, clear yellow, the lip up-curved. 

 Peru. B.M. 452.i.— C. Pisacomensis. Meyer. Shrubby : Ivs. 

 ovate-cordate, nearly or quite obtuse, nearly sessile, irregti- 

 larly crenate, margins reflcted : fls. large, orange varying to 

 red. the slipper up-curved. Peru. B.M. mn.-C. plantceginea, 

 Smith. Herbaceous, stemless : Ivs. ovate-spatulate, toothed at 

 top : scapes many, few-fld., the fls. large, yellow, the under 

 side of the slipper dotted with red. Chile. B.M. 2805.-C. Sin- 

 clairii, Hook. Herbaceous, half-hardy : Ivs. oblong-ovate, 

 stalked, crenate-dentate, hairy: fls. .sm.-ill, lilac or flesh-col- 

 ored, spotted within, the two lips ne.-irly ean.-il. iii>t saccate. 

 New Zeal. B.M. 6.597. -C. tenella. Pocpp, \- Eiidl. Herba- 

 ceous, half-hardy, 6 in. hiph : Ivs. ovate cr i.rl.irular, small 

 (J^in. long), ne.-lrly or quite sessUe : fls. yellow, spotted within. 

 Chile. B.M. 6231.— C. violacea, Cav. .Shrubby : Ivs. small, 

 ovate-cord.ite, deep-toothed, stalked : fls. yellow-salmon, 

 spotted within and without, the two lips not saccate. Chile. 

 B.M. 4929. L. H. B. 



CALENDULA (Latin, cului,!,,- ,.r rnhiitlx : flowering 

 throughout the months). Cofi^/.n.^it,: . Herbs of temper- 

 ate regions, of 20 or more >.|ierirs. Annuals or peren- 

 nials, with alternate simple Ivs., mostly large heads 

 with yellow or orange rays, glabrous ineurved akenes, 

 plane" naked receptacle, pappus none, and involucre 

 broad, with scales in one or two series. 

 ofiicinilis, Linn. Pot Maeigold. Fig. 310. Annual : 

 less hairy : Ivs. oblong and more 

 tire, thickish : heads solitary, on 

 spreading rays, showy, 



1-2 ft. high, more o 

 or less clasping, ei 

 stout stalks, large 

 closing at night. S 

 universal garden fl: 

 guished by size, n 

 color varies from \\ 

 the Marygold of Sli 

 sometimes used in 

 The Calendula is .. 

 loose soil. The see, 

 are to stand, but 



Eu. 



. 3204. — One of the most 

 into many vars., distin- 

 legree of doubling. The 

 t.. deep orange. This is 

 s time. The il.-heads are 

 I flavor soups and stews. 

 st culture in any warm, 

 ly sown where the plants 



'lanted. The akenes are 



klv. The plant blooms the 

 if the fls. are picked. It is a 

 southern states will bloom 



frame and the pla 

 large and germiuat 

 whole season, partic 

 hardy annual, and 

 most of the year. 



auffruticdsa, Vahl. More diffuse, annual : Ivs. ses- 

 sile, lanceolate, somewhat dentate : heads bright yel- 

 low, not doubled, very numerous, on long peduncles. 

 W. Mediterranean region. -Seeds are sold by American 

 dealers. 



CALICO BUSH i 



tlmia. 



CALIFORNIA, HOETICULTUKE IN. California oc- 

 cupies the mountain slopes and plain-like valleys of a 

 vast area, much of which is peculiarly well-fitted to 

 horticultural uses. New York, Ohio, Maine, New Jersey, 

 Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, 

 Delaware, and Rhode Island, united, have a less area 

 than California. The range of products grown suc- 

 cessfully in California is nearly or quite as great as 

 that of all the rest of the United States ; the humid sea- 

 level islands of Florida are adapted to some plants, 

 such as Cassava, which do but poorly in California, but 

 on the sheltered uplands of California many species 

 which entirely fail in Florida are perfectly at home. 

 Here, as every tourist can see in a single summer, one 

 finds, and often on an enormous scale, the vines, wal- 

 nuts and 1 mines of France ; the olives, oranges, lemons, 

 chestmiT-. lij- .uel iHinei^^ranates of Italy and Spain; 

 the Ace I I . lasuarinas, and salt-bushes of 



AustralM 1 Turkestan; the cotton and to- 



bacco ut the -i.iith ; the hemp, flax, rye, Russian mul- 

 berries, and other products of the more extreme north, 

 the cereals of the great west, the bulbs of Holland, the 

 costly seed-crops of European gardens, and, in brief, 

 examples of the greater part of the useful horticultural 

 productions of the temperate zones. 



While the American pioneers of Kentucky were fight- 

 ing Indians, and struggling to obtain the right to navi- 

 gate the Mississippi, the Spanish pioneers of California 



were planting pear, orange and olive trees, date palms, 

 and European grapes, about the early Missions. After 

 the American conquest, and the gold discovery of 1848, 

 horticulture gained a foothold in the mountain lands 

 below the Sierra peaks. Every village and town had its 

 gardens and its beginnings of orchards. Soon the 

 thoughts of men turned to the broad, fertile, unfilled 

 valleys, and in a few years the wheat farmer became the 

 typical Californian. Lastly, the state entered upon a 

 magnificent and stUl continuing period of horticultural 

 development, which well deserves to be written down in 

 history as one of the most important facts of modem 

 material progress. 



Not so long ago almost 160,000 square miles of 

 California were considered "nearly all waste." Now, 



iires. farms, ganlens, so sug- 

 Ihat, altleinuii there is room 

 It t"eall anything worthless 

 except the great heii;lits that slieltir and water the val- 

 leys below. Even the deserts have underlying streams, 

 and blossom with tree and vine as men sink artesian 

 wells there. The miracles of Italy, ancient Palestine, 

 modern India, are being repeated over large districts of 

 California. 



The great vallevs and nearly level lands of Califor- 

 nia, the true cereal belts, subject to frosts, comprise 

 about 40,000,000 acres of land; the foothill fruit-belts, 



