CLASSIFICATION OF LABOUR. 3 



land, the term means a ploughman simply); "horse- 

 men/' " horsekeepers," " shepherds," " stockmen/' 

 " team-men/' " teamsters," " waggoners," and " yards- 

 men." 



These cattle-caretakers, as we may term them, have 

 naturally more onerous duties than ordinary labourers, 

 and longer hours. They also have Sunday work, from 

 which the ordinary labourer is exempt ; and this applies 

 especially to the winter. The animals must be properly 

 housed in their stables or sheds. The latter must be 

 kept clean, and proper and sufficient food supplied to 

 them. The general cleaning-out takes place, ordinarily 

 on Saturday, and, on large farms, Sunday work is taken 

 in turns. In such dairy counties as Berkshire, Bucks, 

 Cheshire, Derbyshire, Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Gloucester- 

 shire, Somersetshire, Staffordshire, and Wilts, a good 

 many of the farm hands are specially told off for milk- 

 ing a work involving very early hours, four o'clock 

 in the morning sometimes, and sometimes earlier than 

 that, and also Sunday work. On farms employing a 

 considerable number of men and requiring a head mana- 

 ger in the shape of a foreman, bailiff, or steward, he 

 may sometimes have under him a head carter, horse- 

 keeper or waggoner, a head shepherd, and a head stocks- 

 man, and each one of these "heads" is responsible 

 to the chief. Also, where machinery is used, an engine- 

 man will be required. 



The division of labour on farms is, of course, mainly 

 carried out on the larger ones, where it is necessary to 

 keep it within strict limits. On small ones, economy 

 will suggest a combination of functions, and the utilisa- 

 tion of the " all-round man " who can turn his hand to 

 almost anything. The farmer himself is sometimes an 

 all-round man, and is compelled, if in a small way of 

 business, to do himself a lot of miscellaneous things ; 

 or, if he is able to employ only a few men, he frequently 

 is fortunate enough to possess a general-utility man, 



