PAYMENT IN " KIND." 37 



In the same way, the allowances of a free cottage, 

 which is practically a payment " in kind " to the labourer, 

 seem to run in particular counties and to be absent 

 from others. Here, again, a hard and fast rule cannot 

 be applied ; but the counties favouring more or less 

 the free-cottage plan are Cornwall, Cumberland, Devon, 

 Dorset, Durham, Gloucester, Hereford, North Lanca- 

 shire, Northumberland, Shropshire, Somerset, Stafford, 

 Westmorland, and the North Riding of Yorkshire. 

 Generally, though not always, the free-cottage system 

 prevails in the worst-paid agricultural districts. 



As to allowances " in kind " made to men in charge of 

 animals, Mr. Fox says : 



" Allowances in kind are frequently made to shepherds, 

 and men in charge of horses and cattle. In most districts 

 it is usual for the married men to have cottages and gardens 

 free, and they frequently have potato ground, which is 

 sometimes manured and tilled for them, or perhaps horses 

 are lent them and they do it themselves. Sometimes manure 

 is given to them. Among other allowances sometimes 

 given to this class of men are straw for pigs, coal, milk, 

 vegetables, food, and beer or cider. The ' confined men ' 

 in Lincolnshire, and the yearly married men in North 

 Cambridgeshire and parts of Nottinghamshire, get many 

 allowances in kind, such, for instance, as house and garden 

 rent, twenty or thirty stones of pork, several sacks of wheat 

 or flour, forty to sixty stones of potatoes, and in some cases 

 coals, beer or beer money, and milk. In the northern 

 districts of Northumberland it is still the custom to pay 

 many of the married shepherds entirely in kind, no cash 

 whatever being paid to them. In addition to a free house 

 and garden, grain or meal, potatoes, straw for pigs, and free 

 cartage of coals, they are allowed to keep a certain number 

 of their own sheep with those of their employer a system 

 which encourages them to pay the greatest attention to the 

 flocks under their charge. Sometimes they get a cow kept 

 for them. The shepherds who are paid in this way generally 

 state that they prefer this mode of remuneration to money 

 payments." 



