EXTRAS AND ALLOWANCES IN KIND. 99 



refreshments. As a rule, shepherds in Scotland do not 

 assist at harvest. As a general rule, it is in the arable 

 counties that extra money is most frequently given. 

 Cattlemen are occasionally paid by farmers for extra 

 work on Sundays, such as attending to cattle in the 

 sheds ; and in the Lothians orramen occasionally get 

 extra money for making stacks, or " sowing " artificial 

 manures. " Journey-money " also is paid to horsemen 

 when they have to go longer distances than usual with 

 carts, and to cattlemen when they have to make long 

 journeys with sheep and cattle to fairs for their sale. 

 The giving of " lamb-money " to shepherds is not a 

 common practice in Scotland ; but this rule is broken 

 by occasional exceptions. Mr. Wilson Fox says, in 

 his report to the Board of Trade : 



" The practice of giving part of the wages in allowances 

 in kind is a very common one in Scotland, especially in 

 the case of food allowances, although there has been a 

 growing tendency for wages to be paid to a greater extent 

 in cash than formerly, particularly in the more southern 

 districts of Scotland. It is a very general custom, as 

 already explained, for unmarried men to lodge and board 

 in the farmhouses, or to be lodged in bothies and to be 

 provided with food, or else to be given certain allowances 

 of food, such as milk, oatmeal, and potatoes. They are 

 also frequently given an allowance of coal ; if coal is not 

 provided, it is at least carted free. In the Border counties 

 and the Lothians, where the system largely prevails of 

 families being engaged to work on the same farm, the sons 

 get an allowance of potatoes in some cases, while in others 

 they are paid entirely in cash. The allowances in kind 

 given to married men in those counties usually are free 

 cottages and gardens, a certain number of yards of potato 

 drill planted (generally from 1200 to 1800 yards), or an 

 allowance of potatoes, oatmeal, coals carted free, some- 

 times an allowance of coals, and frequently food and 

 drink during harvest. Milk is also often given, and some- 

 times straw for pigs and manure for gardens. Formerly 

 the men in the Border counties and the Lothians were 

 mainly paid in kind. The allowances in kind were, and 

 still are, generally known as ' gains.' In some districts 

 in the Border counties the old ' boll ' system is still adhered 

 to, though it is fast dying out. A ' boll/ according to 

 the ordinary use of the term, is a measure, but it has a 

 special meaning attached to it in these districts, being 



