EARNINGS OF SCOTTISH PEASANTS. 107 



for farmers, particularly at busy seasons. South of this 

 group are Kincardine, Forfar, and Perth, where the earnings 

 come to 195. 6d., 203, 8d., and 193. ud. Forfarshire is the 

 principal seat of the textile industries in Scotland, Dundee 

 being the chief centre. There are about 48,000 textile 

 operatives in the county. The next counties are Fife, 

 Kinross, and Clackmannan, which are grouped together, 

 and the average weekly earnings come to 203. 5d. Fife, 

 besides being an important arable and stock- farming county, 

 contains about 18,000 miners, and about 12,000 textile 

 operatives. Clackmannan also contains a few coal mines, 

 and in the town of Alloa there are a number of distilleries. 

 Next come the Lothians, i.e. Linlithgow, Edinburgh, and 

 Haddington, and the border counties, i.e. Berwick and 

 Roxburgh, excluding Dumfries which has already been 

 referred to in the grazing section. To the border counties 

 may be added Peebles and Selkirk. These are fine agri- 

 cultural counties, comprising many large farms in the 

 hands of gentlemen of considerable capital. In the hill 

 districts there are many large sheep farms, the sheep 

 being mainly Cheviots and half-breds, whilst these counties 

 also contain much excellent grazing land and also some 

 of the best arable land. Mixed farming is carried on 

 corn-growing, sheep-breeding, cattle-breeding and fattening. 

 There is also a little dairying in some parts. Large 

 quantities of potatoes are grown in certain districts, 

 notably in Haddingtonshire, in the neighbourhood of 

 Dunbar, where the soil is specially suitable. Root crops 

 are also extensively grown, and sheep from the hill dis- 

 tricts are usually brought to the low districts for the 

 winter. The number of farm servants in this group is 

 large, and in most farms they have definite spheres of 

 work. From what has been said as to the system of 

 farming, it will be seen that there are a number of all 

 classes of farm servants employed in these counties. 

 Women are largely employed in the arable districts, and 

 they are found especially useful in connection with the 

 corn, potato, and root crops. In the Lothians the average 

 weekly earnings of horsemen are in Linlithgow and Edin- 

 burgh, 2os. iod., and in Haddington, 193. 6d. There are 

 some coal mines in all the Lothian counties, and in Lin- 

 lithgow there is also some shale mining. The proximity 

 of the city of Edinburgh has also had an effect upon agri- 

 cultural wages in these counties. The average weekly 

 earnings in Peebles and Selkirk are 203. /d. and 193. 6d. 

 respectively. In Selkirk there are about 5000 textile 

 operatives. In Berwickshire and Roxburgh, which may 

 be described as purely agricultural counties, the average 

 weekly earnings are 193. 9d. and 193. 5d. respectively. 

 In the case of horsemen, by far the largest of any agricultural 

 class in Scotland, the excess of earnings over wages is, 

 the Board of Trade report points out, with the exception 



