DISCOVERY 



87 



owing to the great affinity that the fibre has for most 

 colours. 



At the present time, three broad classes of dyestuffs 

 are required as being of particular interest to the jute- 

 dyer — namely, the basic, acid, and direct colours, each 

 class having advantages over the others according to the 

 uses to which the dyed fabric is to be put. 



Dyeing Jute with Basic Colours. — Prepare the dye- 

 bath by heating the water to about 80° or 90" F., 

 work the jute for a few moments to ensure that it is 

 evenly wetted, and then add a portion of the dyestuff, 

 previously dissolved in warm water ; gradually in- 

 crease the temperature to 175° F., at the same time 

 making further additions of dyestuff until the proper 

 depth of shade is required. Move about in the dye for 

 twenty to thirty minutes after the last addition, and 

 then lift, wash, and dry. 



Some basic colours maj- be dyed at a temperature of 

 180 to 190 degrees at the start, but they are so few that 

 it is unnecessary to mention them. Others of this same 

 class require for the best results the addition of a small 

 quantity of acetic acid, usually a pint to a kettleful of 

 water ; such dyes being the methyl violets and malachite 

 (acid) green. 



Dyeing Jute with Acid Colours. — These colours always 

 yield the brightest shades, and are applied to jute from 

 a dye-bath made slightly acid with about 2 per cent, of 

 oil of vitriol, together with 5 per cent, of alum. 



The colour is added slowly during the heating of the bath 

 until it boils, when the steam is shut off and the yarn or 

 pieces worked for half an hour. Lift, wash, and dri,'. 



Dyeing Jute with Direct Colours. — This class of colours 

 is always applied to jute from an alkaline or neutral bath, 

 and is receiving very great attention from dyers and 

 manufacturers of burlap for interior decorations, for 

 which purpose these dyes are better suited than any 

 others, as they are fixed more permanently upon the 

 fabric, and do not fade under the influence of fight. 



A general recipe for dyeing yam is as follows : 



I to 3 lb. direct colour. 

 10 to 20 lb. Glauber's salt. 

 I J to 2 J lb. soda ash. 



Put in the yam at 180° F., raise the temperature to the 

 boil, and keep boiling for one hour, or until the bath 

 is exhausted or the proper shade is obtained. With fight 

 percentages the colour is quickly taken up, but with 

 heavier shades it will be found economical to maintain 

 the standing kettle. Lift, wash well, and dry. 



Burlap for decorative purposes is alwaj-s dyed in the 

 piece, and with colours that will not be acted upon by 

 the glue sizing that is put on the back of the finished 

 fabric. Some manufacturers are using casein as size 

 for the burlap and with very good results. For dyeing 

 the piece-goods burlap, a padding machine is always 

 employed, as this enables the dyer to obtain in a verj' 

 short time the heavy shade usually required. The colour- 

 bath is made up with a very small quantity of water, 

 just sufficient to fill the box of the machine, and to this 

 is added a small amount of some soluble thickening 



[Conliiiued on p' 83 



BY NILE 



AND TIGRIS 



A NAHK.VnVE OK .lOI KNKVS 1\ KGVl'T AND 

 .MKSOl'OTA.MIA ON" HKIIALK OK THK BUITiSH 

 MUSEUM BKTW'KKN TlIK YK.AKS liJIiG AND 1013 



By SIR E. A. WALLIS BUDGE, 



LiiT.U. ; Keeper of Ejini'ptiau and As.syriau 

 Antiquities", British Museum. 



With Numerous Illustrations, 2 Vols. £3 3s. net. 

 Dr. Budge, who is known as one of the most scholarly 

 writers on Egyptian antiquities, has here given an 

 exceedingly human account of the part which he has 

 taken in the actual discovery and publication of new 

 material during the last thirty years. Besides its 

 historical, antiquarian, and general human interest, 

 this work has a very particular interest of a more 

 topical and recent nature in that practically every 

 site mentioned east of the Suez Canal is ground over 

 which the Allied Armies have recently been fighting. 



Jl Full 'Prospeclui will be posted on request. 



JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.l. 



SPRINGTIME 



AND OTHER ESSAYS 

 By SIR FRANCIS DARWIN 



I'.It.S. 



With Illustrations. 7s. 6d. net 



Morning Post. — "Sir Francis Darwin has a gift, 

 almost amounting to genius, for what may perhaps 

 be called the informative essay — i.e. the disserta- 

 tion which lures the reader by exhibiting curious 

 treasures of remembrance and observation ... it 

 is a book full of fine confused reading, with some- 

 thing in it to intrigue all tastes." 



CONTENTS 



Springtime 

 The Names of Char- 

 acters in Fiction 

 Thomas Hearne 

 Recollections 

 Instruments of Music 

 Sir Joseph Hooker 



The Names of British 



Plants 

 A Great Hospital 

 Sir George Airy 

 Sydney Smith I 



Dickens' Letters 

 A Procession of Flowers 



JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W.l 



