13-1 



i)is(;()Vi:nY 



at the lowest point of our submerged iceberg, and our 

 next step takes us out of it into the fathomless ocean. 

 This is Dr. Jung's Collective Unconscious. It is the 

 Great Mother Unconscious of us all, into which we 

 come at birth, and out of which we slowly and painfully 

 differentiate our own individuality. Wc find in it 

 our family characteristics, then our ancestral and 

 racial peculiarities, and finally the qualities of primitive 

 man and of his forebears the animals. All instincts, 

 human and even pre-human, are here, all the funda- 

 mental thoughts and ideas peculiar to man from the 

 very constitution of his mind, all the gods and all the 

 devils, all that has been in the past, and all the possi- 

 bilities of the future for the individual, and for the 

 race through individuals. Everything is here in the 

 collective unconscious, and when the barriers are down, 

 anything is possible, anything may rush in to the 

 conscious mind, to the immense enrichment of the 

 individual's life, or — if he has not learned to navigate 

 this illimitable ocean — to his absolute undoing. 



In closing, one last characteristic must just be alluded 

 to. The unconscious is the great generator and reser- 

 voir of psychic energy. The principle of the conserva- 

 tion of psychic energy seems to hold like that of the 

 conservation of energy in the physical world. Each 

 person has a stock of energy which is constantly trans- 

 formed, but never diminished or increased. It is 

 always actively creative, and beneficent or injurious 

 according to the use to which it is put. As long as 

 it is in contact with Reality, whether objective or 

 subjective, it is constructive. But turned back upon 

 itself, and only engaged in creating the phantastic and 

 unreal, it destroys, for it then begets neurosis, disease, 

 insanity, and even death itself. 



BOOKS FOR FURTHER READING 

 Collected Papers on the Psychology of Phantasy, by Dr. Constance 



E. Long. (Bailliere, Tindall & Co.\, los. 6i.) 

 Analytical Psychology, 2nd Edition, by C. G. Jung, M.D.. LL.D. 



Edited by TDr. Constance E. Long. (Bailliere, i8s.) 

 Psychology oj the Unconscious, by Dr. C. G. Jung. (Kegan Paul, 



25s.) 

 Dream Psychology, by Dr. Maurice NicoU. (0.\ford University 



Press, 6s.) 

 The Interpretation of Dreams, 7th Edition, by Dr. Sigmund 



Freud. Translated by Dr. \. A. Brill. (.\Uen & Unwin, 



155-) 



Reviews of Books 



Government and I'mpU. An InliuducUon tu the Study 

 of Citizenship. By Conr.'VD Gill, Reader in 

 Constitutional History in the University of Bir- 

 mingham, with the collaboration of Professor 

 C. VV. Valentine. (Mcthuen, 7s. 6rf.) 

 What proportion of the adult population of this country 



coulil say ofl-hand when a parli.uiu-ntary session normally 



begins and ends, what the common law is, what a district 

 council does or may do, what is the significance of votes 

 of supply, appropriation bills, and grants in aid, how 

 long the police system has been at work, or how the 

 Consolidated Fund is managed ? 



This sort of knowledge, and much more, ought to be 

 part of the stock-in-trade of everyone who claims the 

 rights of citizenship. But at the present time most 

 people have only a shadowy idea of the way in which 

 public business is carried on : consequently they are at 

 the mercy of the few — journalists, officials, politicians, 

 financiers — who have taken the trouble to learn some- 

 thing about government. Even these few are often 

 more interested in party wire-pulling than in studj-ing 

 the public welfare. If only a moderate proportion of 

 the voters had a fairly clear idea of the way in which 

 they were governed, political progress — carrjing with it 

 a good deal of social progress as we.ll — would be incredibly 

 swifter than it is. Above all, if we knew the possibilities 

 of government — the unused powers of promoting public 

 health, education, town-planning, agricultural develop- 

 ment, and the like — they would be so stirred with the 

 vision of England as it might be, that they would never 

 rest until the vision had become a reality. 



Some of these possibilities are suggested in the chapter 

 of Government and People, which deals with " The Aims 

 of Government." It is shown that the three great aims 

 are security-, justice, and liberty, and that in all these 

 lines the sound policy is continually to screw up the 

 minimum standards — whether of material welfare, know- 

 ledge, or conduct, the final aim being the opportunity of 

 a full life for the whole people. 



But the authors are careful not to lay too much stress, 

 or to repose too much hope, on the work of government. 

 They argue that the impulse of progress must generally 

 be sought among the people rather than the rulers ; and, 

 in common with many modern tliinkers, they look upon 

 the State as only one of many organisations that keep 

 society together, and help it forward — or backward as 

 the case may be. The main reason is given on p. 279: 



" Nearly all changes are due to new ideas, whether in 

 art, religion, philosophy, science, poetry, politics, trade, 

 agriculture, or any other line of activity. Now it some- 

 times happens that a leading statesman is distinguished 

 in some other Jine than statesmanship. He may be a 

 great churchman, like St. Bernard, Louis IX, Luther, 

 Calvin, and Knox ; a poet, like Dante ; a scientist, 

 like Bacon ; a scholar, like President Wilson, Mr. Fisher, 

 Lord Morley, and Lord Bryce ; a philosopher, like Mr. 

 Balfour ; an agriculturist, like Lord Townsend and 

 George III ; a musician, like M. Paderewsld. He may 

 be eminent enough in his own sphere of work, as Bacon 

 was, for example, to contribute ideas of profound im- 

 portance for the future of mankind. Such cases, however, 

 are rare exceptions. Most rulers are speciaUsts in 

 politics, and they have little time or energy to devote 

 to other callings. Therefore almost all new ideas come 

 from men who are not busily engaged in the work 

 of government. The proper concern of government is 

 not so much to create progress as to provide those 



