I'JSBRDABV 1. 1901.] 



KNOWLEDGE. 



37 



.ullod tho Gnuf bear' (Pans. VIII., iii. :^ ; Viilo No. t). 

 The iiivthic leijeiul is, of course, vastly older tliau tho 

 i-oiuui^e. 



No. Ga. PeijnsHs. ' Pegasos bridled, witli curled wiiit;', 

 walkiug 1.' Corinth, b.c. 400 — 338. The type appears 

 ou the earliest L'oriuthiau coius, bo. (ISO. "The constella- 

 tion of the Hoi-iie ' occurs iu the Eujihratean star-lists and 

 in Eujdirateau art.i"> The Wiuged-horse was ' familiar 

 to the iiuaginatious of Mesopotaniians.'"^' The creature 

 also occurs ou a well-kuowu Hittito seal, iigured by 

 Wright, >'"' Lajard, and others ; and appears on coins of 

 Lycia, and on those of the various Corinthian colonies. 

 Sometimes, as in the heavens, a Demi-horse winged is 

 shown, e.tj., on coins of the Ph. settlement Lampsacus 

 ('the Passage,' i.e., across the HeJlcspout). Corinth was 

 the abode of Hippouods ('the Wise-horseman') commonly 

 called Bellerophou ( = l'h. Baal Raphon. Berard). Pegasus 

 is the Horse ' bridled ' (Sem. Petjoh ' Bridle '). 



No. 7. Peganus and Fish. ' Pegasus flying; beneath. 

 Dolphin,' an adjacent constellation. Syracuse, b.c. 3t5. 

 Earlier type Bemi-hurse and Fish, a Ph. coin of Panormus. 

 A combination of Pegasus and ihe Foremost Fish in Pisces. 



No. y. Mam and iFish. ' Kaui kneeling 1., head turned 

 back ; beneath Tunny.' Cyzicus. Cir. b.c. -500—4.50. It 

 was supposed that the zodiacal Jiom, the ' pecudem 

 Athauiantidos,'(i*" the Kam of Athamas (=Tammuz, the 

 Semitic Sun-god), had carried Helle across the Hellespont, 

 near the city. Aries has always been represented with 

 reverted head. Thus, Manilius, i. 263-4: — 



' 4-u™to princcps Aries in vi-Ucre fulgens 

 Sespicif, admirans aversum surgere Taurum.' 

 The Northern of the two zodiacal Fish 'the Chaldaeans'call 

 Chelidouias,'(") the Tunny. There was an important 

 tunuy-fisherj at Cyzicus, which would influence the choice 

 of symbols. 



No. 10. Ram. ' Helle seated sideways on ram ilyiug r.' 

 Alus (Thessaly). b.c. 400. Alos,. otherwise Aleus (i.e., 

 'Ram-town,' Heb. and Ph. Aiji/, Bab. -Assyrian Ailtii:, 

 'Ram'), was said to have been built by 'the hero 

 Athamas.'ii-) Ihe Ob. bears the head of Zeus Laphystius 

 (' the Gluttonous,' i.e., the Ph. Baal Krouos), to whom 

 human sacrifices were offered. In the time of Pausanias 

 (IX. x.\.\iv. 1) the spot was still showu in Bceotia where it 

 was said Athamas was about to sacrifice Phrixos and 

 Helle to Laphystius, when the_y escaped upon the Zeu.s- 

 sent ram. Knsariqijo (' the Ram ') was the first of the 

 Bab. Signs of the Zodiac. Thi.s flying Ram is i>laiuly not 

 a specimen of the ordinary sheep, which men were 

 supposed to ])ut ou coins because they saw them around, 

 or bartered them. 



No. 11. Bull and Grapes. 'Bull standing; beneath, 

 bunch of grapes.' Pariuni (Mysia). b.c. 400 — 30O. A 

 colony of Miletus (Vide No. I), Paros, and Thasos, Ph. 

 centres. The Clusterers {Pleiades) are freijuently repre- 

 sented iu coin symbolism by a cluster of grapes (Pdrp'j;). 

 ' They are called a grape-cluster.' (i-'l A coin of Mallos in 

 Cilicia shows doves whose bodies are formed of bunches 

 of grapes, ' the dove-emblem and the grape emblem of the 

 Pleiad being here united or intermixed.' 0^) Prof. 



" Vide E. B. Jr-, The Heavenly iJisplay, x'ig. liv. 



-Perrot, Hist, of Art in CUal. ii. 171. Vide Fig. S9, 'Winged 

 Horse.' 



'' Empire of the HitHtes, PI. xvi. 



"' Ovid, Fasti, iv. 90.3. 



" Schol. in Aral. Phainom, 242. 



'- Strabu, IX. V. 8 ; vide Xo. 'J. 



•i'ScAol. in //. xviii. 486. 



'* U'.Vrcy Thompson, Bird and Beast in A/ict. SymhoHsm, p. IS-. 



Thompson well points out tho couuectiuu between Oiniis, 

 ' a kind of wild dove ' (Ile.sychios), Oitins, wine, and the 

 Semitic ijounah, iunuh, 'dove.' Tho whole forma com- 

 mingling of etymological connection and similarity of 

 sound such as symbolism delight.>i in. The G rape-etusler 

 also appears on coins of Arvad and of Juba II., in tho 

 latter instance with a 5-rayed star, perhaps the Pleiad. 

 So, again, on the coinage of Tauromenium (Sicily) we 

 find ' Bull's head. Rev. : Grape-cluster.' 



No. 12. Bull and Ear-of-corn. ' Bull standing on car 

 of corn.' Calcliedon. Cir. b.c. 400—350. The Ear-of- 

 corn has been from remotest times a symbol of the goddess 

 Ishtar ( Astartc-Aphrodite), tho original zodiacal Virijo, 

 with her star Spiea. Both the goddess and the Bull have 

 a primary lunar connection, and this exact combmatinu of 

 Bull and Ear-of-corn apj)ears on Euphratean cylinders of 

 remote antiquit_v. The scene is not a bull in a cornlield, 

 but a bull standing on a single ear of corn iiearlv as big 

 as himself. 



No. 13. Lemi-luU. ' Forepart of rushing bull.' 

 Magnesia ad Mieandrum. Cir. b.c. 350 — 190. Another 

 coin shows 'Humped bull butting.' We have already 

 met with Taurus and Pleiades (No. 11), and Taurus and 

 Spiea (No. 12). Here is the exact zodiacal Taurus, demi. 

 gibbous, and with bent leg. The farmer would not notice 

 denii-bulls and demi-h(>rses iu his fields. The moon-bull 

 is, of course, at times demi ; as is the solai' Horse, when 

 he rises and sets, especially from or into the sea. 



No. 14. Twins. 'Altar or shrine surmounted by tho 

 busts of the Dioscuri, wearing pilei, their heads and 

 shoulders appearing over the top.' Mantineia. h.c. 431- 

 370. We also find ' Two male figures (the Cabiri) stand- 

 ing facing, their right hands resting ou their hips.' Syros. 

 Third to first century b.c. Another typo is ' Pilci sur- 

 mounted by stars,' i.e., the ' fratres Helenae, lucida 

 sidera,'!"'' Castor and Pollux. The Euphratean name of 

 the constellation was ' the Great Twins' I believe the 

 Twins are sometimes represented by Harmodius and Aris- 

 togeitoii. as on a coin of Cyzicus, a city which shows eleven 

 Signs of the Zodiac ou its coinage (Vide No. 1). 



No. 15. Sniike-holder. ' The A.sklepias of Tlirasy- 

 meJes.' Epidaurus. A reproduction of the eailier coin- 

 type of B.C. 323-240. The famous statue of the god, with 

 his hand ou his serpent's head, is described by Pausanias 

 (II. xxvii. 2). Ou the Ph. coinage of Kossura a 'Cabirus' 

 (Ph. Knhirim. 'the Great-ones 'j is depicted ' serjientein 

 teuens.' This personage is the 'native Ph. god ' (i"' Eshinun 

 ('the Eighth' — of the Kabirim), whose name, in' a tri- 

 lingual Inscription of Sardinia,*"*' is rendered ' Asklcpios ' 

 and ' Aescolapeius.' He was a great patron divinity of 

 Epidaurus, and was there regarded as the constellational 

 Snake-holder, ""i 



No. 1(3. Vc.pheiis. ' Pallas and Cei>heus, both armed, 

 standing face to face, the goddess hands to the hero the 

 head of Medusa ; between them, Sterope r., who holds up 

 a vase to I'eceive it.' Tegea. After is.c. 140. Pallas, 

 Medusa and Sterope appear in the same connection on 

 earlier coins. Local legend : — Pallas promised Cejihcus, 

 son of .'Vleus (Vide No. 10), that Tegea should never be 

 captured, and gave him one of the locks of Medusa as a 

 protection for the city.*-"' The local tradition, like so 

 many recorded by Pausanias, is an attempt to explain facts 



■; Vide K. ii. Jr., Tke Celestial Eqnn/.u,- uf Arafos. Fitr. 7, p. 11. 



•^ Horace, Car. I. iii. 2. 



''' i)aniaskio9, Isifloicroti Bios, i-'cxUi. 



'"' Corp. Ins. Sem. oxiiii. 



■'^ Vide Katas. vi.'; Uygi.aus, Poet Astron. ii. 14; etc. 



- Pa\i3. AIII. xlvii. 4. 



