Skpieubsb, 1901.] 



KNOWLEDGE. 



211 



the Austa-alian Museum, has issued two parts of his 

 " Crustacea " from the trawling expedition of II.M.C. 

 ■• Thetis " ofli the coast of New Soutli Wales.f Mv. L. A. 

 Borradaile describes crustacca from Funafuti and Fiji.| 

 Mr. W. F. Lanchester deals with a collection from 

 Malacca and Singapore. § Researches by Vallentin in 

 the Falkland Isles, by Perkins at Hawaii, by Dr. Willey 

 in the South Pacific, have yielded very interesting 



Leptodora kindiii (Foeke), commonly callcti L. /ii/alina. 

 LUljcborg's Cladocera Suecia:. 



Frcmi 



results. II Dr. Caiman describes Bracliyura from Torres 

 Straits, collected by Professor Haddon in 1888. *! Pro- 

 fessor Sars, besides concluding the third volume of 

 his " CiTistacea of Norway," has published an important 

 essay on the Cladocera of South America.* From the 

 United Stat-es come numerous contributions of much 

 value and utility. Among these Miss Rathbun exhibits 

 her commanding knowledge of crustacean lore in 

 " Results of the Branner-Agassiz Expedition to Brazil," 

 and in a paper on the decapod crustaceans of West 

 Africa.** On the Asterocheridae, a noteworthy group of 



+ " Memoirs of Australian Museum." Vol. 4, Pt, 2, pp. 175-199, 

 plates 33-35, 1900, and Vol. 4, Pt. 3, pp. 203-246, figures in text, 1901 . 



X " Proc. Zool. See, LoncloD," pp. 563-596, plates 40-42, 1900. 



§ " Proc. Zool. Soc, Loudon," pp. 719-770, plates 44-47. 



'I " Proc. Zool. Soc, London," pp. 517-o68, plates 36-39, 1900 ; 

 Fauna Havaiiensis, Vol. 2, pp. 527-530, plate 21, 4to. (Cambridge, 

 1900) ; A. Willey's " Zoologii-al Kesults," Part 5, pp. 605-6UO, plates 

 64-74, 4to. (Canibridge, 1900.) 



■""Trans. Linn. Soc, London," Vol. 8, Part I., pp. 1-50, plates 

 1-3, 4to. (London, 1900.) 



* '"An Account of the Crustacea of Norway," A'ol. 3. Cuniacca, 

 parts 1-10, 115 pages, 72 plates, large 8vo. (Bergen, l.S99-19(X).) 

 " Contributions to the knowledge of the fre.sh-water Kiitomostraca of 

 South America, as sliown by artificial hatching from dried material." 

 By Gr. O. Sars. Part I. — Cladocera, with 12 autograjjhic |)latee, 

 102 pages. (Krbtiania, 1901.) 



** "Proceedings of the Washington Acatlemy of Sciences," Vol. 2, 

 pp. 133-156, plate 8, 8vo. (Washington, 1900.) " Proceedings of the 

 United Stat«s National Museum," Vol.22, pp. 271-316. (Washington, 

 1900.) 



the Copcpoda, Dr. Giesbrocht publishes a scholarly 

 monograph, charmingly illustrated after the fashion for 

 whiih the biological station at Naples is justly 

 celebrated, t 



Besides the systematic works, ranging from (liiik 

 quartos to thin pamphlets, there are other memoirs 

 dealing with the subject from all sorts of expected and 

 unexpected points of view. For instance, a short paper 

 by Mr. E. A. l\Iearns records the exceptional dimensions 

 of an American lobster,^ a long one by Mr. F. C. Waite 

 treats fully the structure and development of its 

 antennal glands. § Mr. G. 11. Parker discusses " The 

 photomechanical changes in the retinal pigment of 

 Gammarus."!! Mr. S. J. Holmes also has an elaborate 

 paper on " Phototaxis in tlie Ampliipoda."1i The same 

 author publishes interesting obsei-vations " On the 

 Habits and Natural History of Amphithoe lumjirmtna 

 Smith."* One of his sections is on Thiginotaxis. Let 

 not the reader be daunted. Thigmotaxis is nothing but 

 a tendency to keep in contact with solid objects. Wc 

 have it ourselves, however much swimmers, aeronauts, 

 and spiritualists may endeavour to set it at defiance. 

 Another section, " On the Effect of Cutting the Animal 

 in Two," may for a moment shock the sensitive. But, 

 as it appears that the swimming feet of the victim's 

 hinder half " kept up their rhythmical beating for fully 

 a half hour,' and that its front half was still able to 

 appropriate and devour food, we may hopefully infer 

 that these creatures arc not very painfully afflicted even 

 by disastrous accidents. Like ourselves, they no doubt 

 suffer from fear, to impel them to acts of self-preser- 

 vation, but under the infliction of mortal injuries they 

 have the happiness not to know how badly they are 

 hurt. 



Milne-Edwards and Bouvier lay great stress on their 

 classification of the higher Malacostraca. From their 

 point of view the Anomura are not to be regarded ;is a 

 group intermediate between the Bracliyura and 

 Macrura. They hold, in accord with Boas, that lobster- 

 like forms of the latter have given rise to two 

 independent lines of evolution. The result may be 

 briefly indicated by saying that in one line the 

 Dromiacea, or primitive Brachyuia, lead up to the 

 genuine Bracliyura, or crabs, properly so called ; the 

 other line nms out in the Anomura, with three principal 

 branches, the Paguridca, including but not limited to 

 the hermit-crabs, the lobster-like Galatheidea, embracing 

 also the small, flattened, crab-like Porcellanida;, and 

 lastly the Hippidca. Since there are many in this line 

 to which the term Anomura is by its meaning unsuit^ 

 able, it would seem to be better to drop it altogether, 

 adopting in place of it the expression Macrura anomala. 



For one interesting genus of Galatlieidoe the French 

 authors persist in retaining the name Diptych in, 

 although it was changed to Urnpfijchux by Dr. 

 Henderson in his " Challenger ' report, on the indis- 

 putable ground that Dip/i/rlnis had been earlier iised 

 by Steindachner for a genus of fishes. They rely on the 

 strange argument that perhaps Steindachner's generic 



t "Fauna und Flora dcs Goll'es von Neapcl und der angrcn/endcn 

 Mccres-Abschnit.te." 25. Monographic. Asterocheriden, von Dr. 

 WilheliM Gicsbreeht. 4to, 217 pages, 11 double plates, 2 coloured. 

 (Naples-Berlin, 1899.) 



t "Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington," Vol. 13, pp. 168-9, 19(10. 



§ "Bulletin, Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard," Vol. 35, pp. 151-210, 

 6 plates. (Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., 1899.) 



I! Zoc. cit., pp. 143 8, 1 plate. 



IT ".American Journal of Physiology," Vol 5, pp, 211-231-, 



* " Biological Bulletin," Vol. 2, pp. 165-193. (Boston, U.S.A., 

 1901.) 



