356 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



LAUOCBT 



clolhps, when a rich and slronsf lather i3 formed, uliirh cleanses most 

 thurou;;hly. To propas-'le the pUuii ihe bnlhs are set in a nrli soil, and 

 grow Inxui-iaiilly in llie soft boltunis of valleys or bordering; luniiing 

 streams. 



Cupper Slienthinf^~\ coiTes|!ondpnt of the HJiuinfr Jowval slates, as 

 the consequence of his expeili-nce, that, in the trejitriifnt i»f the Mdjiliurets 

 of copper, tiicre should be one c;ilciiiiii«, one roasliiij;, one smelliiiK» and 

 one relmin;; — funr opfMaiions in all ; and ihat care be taken that no iron 

 tools be used, except llie ladles for the i''''inniiC process. Tlie carbonates 

 of copper require only two operalions — smelting and n (inint; ; but il cop- 

 per pyrites be mixed w ith llie carbonate, il will re(inire Ihree operations 

 instea(i of two. By attention to these operations all hireijin matter will be 

 disengaged. The production of ^ood malleable and pure ctipper depends 

 on the redner; the copper is brittle beforehand should be stirred wiih a 

 wooden rod. It requires considerable care to keep the metal to a proper 

 heat until the moulding is finished, to give il due ductility, ami make it 

 suitable for the demands of commerce. In general, most operators go too 

 far in the relinery, which renders the metal fibrous, and the result is serious 

 lamination on one side of the sheet. If the (■oi)per ore is properly treated 

 in the above operations, this metal is decidedly the best for sliips' bottoms. 

 The per centage of copper is also much increased by careful treatment, and 

 the scoria comes out cleaner. 



Method of JV elding Iron, ^^teel, and Sheet Iron.— \x\ an earthen vessel 

 melt borax, and adii to it y^th of sal-ammoniac. When these ingredients 

 are properly fused and mixed, pour tliem out upon an iron plate, and let 

 them cool. "There is thus obtained a glassy mattc't. to which is to be added 

 an equal quantity of quicklime. The iron and steel which are to be soldered, 

 are first heated to redness; tlien this compound, first reduced to powder, is 

 laid upon them — the composition melts and runs like sealir.g-wax ; the 

 pieces are then replaced in the tire, taking care to heat them at a tempera- 

 ture far lielow that u-ually employed in welding: they are then withdrawn 

 and hammered, and the surfaces' will be foued to be thus perfectly united. 

 The author asserts that this process, which may 1)6 applied to welding sheet- 

 iron tul)es, never fails. — Rec. de la Soc. Polytech, 



Dotting Electric Telegraplt. — A patent has been recently granted in this 

 country to M. Dujardin, of Lille, for a new kind of electric telegraph in 

 which the signals consist of dots made on paper. The telegraphic pen is 

 fixed to a nnignet, and it marks dots on a revolving traver!>ing cylinder. The 

 dots, by a previous alphabetic arransement, are made to signify letters, each 

 letter being characterised by a certain group of dots. The process is com- 

 plicated, and must necessarily he a slow one ; nor does the inventor, who 

 is a physician, seera to have been aware of the invention of Mr. Morse, 

 vhich accomplishes the same object more effieacionsly, and with a much 

 less complicated mechanism ; Mr. Morse's alpliabet consisting of short and 

 long strokes, by wbieb means the letttrs of the alphabet may be indicated 

 by a smaller number of marks than by dots of the Siime size. 



Time Signals. — Mr. Torrop, of Edinburgh, ha'^ patented an apparatus for 

 giving notice of the approaching departure of railway trains, so as to super- 

 sede the use of bells or whistles. Tlie apparatus on^ists of a hollow pole 

 erected vertically at any convenient part of the station where it may be most 

 advantageously seen both by those at the station itself, as also by those 

 hastening towards the station. Upon the outside of this pole is placed a 

 large ball, the pole passing through a hole through tlie centre of the ball, 

 sufficiently large to allow free mntinn up and down the pole. The balHs 

 suspender! by co-ds, attached at the bnitom of the pole to a clockwork 

 movemer.t, having n pendulum, the vibrations of which regulate the descent 

 of the iiall ujmn tiie pole. When the spring of the clockwork is wound up, 

 the hall is raised to the top of the pole, which then bp(:ins U> descend to the 

 bottom of the pole, being regulated in its velocity by the clockwork at.d 

 pendulum. The time of its descent will therefore he regularly the same 

 each time the ball is raised to the top and tlieii allowed to descend. Tlie 

 ball being raised to the top of the pole at the arljiisted jjciiod of 'ime (say 

 ten minutes before the departure of each train), and then allowed to descend, 

 the position of the ball upon the pole (kning its descent will give notice 

 of the length of time to ehpse before the departure of the train. Duiing 

 the niifht a lamp is to take the place of the hall. 



A few Degrees of Difference. — In an action recently tried in the Court of 

 Queen's Bench, the question was raised whether the variation of three de- 

 grees in the inclination of a wood pavement constiiuted an infringement of 

 the patent right. The defendants (Ksdaile and Co.) were licensees under 

 Rankin's patent for wood pavement, and the pl-iintills (Hulse and Co.). 

 entered into a covenant with them to pay certain rnyalties if ihey infringed 

 upon the principle of Parkyn's patent. The principle was the inclination of 

 the fibre of the wood to the horizon ; anrl that was described to be from 40 

 degrees to 70 degrees. The defendants laid down pavement in Cornhill 

 and at a bridge at Chatk-farm ; and the blocks they laid duvvn were at an 

 inclination of 73 degrees. '1 he contention for the plaintifls was, that 

 aUhou{;h the inclinaiioii was not within the precise words used in the deed, 

 still that for all practical purpiises there was not the slightest ditt'erence 

 between 73 decrees and 70 degrees. — Mr. Justice V\ik:hlman, in sumndng 

 up, observed, that if ])arties chose to bargain in specific leims they must 

 abide by their bargain, and though in practiee the two inclinations mentioned 

 could make no diflference, still the terms of lie covenant were express; 

 therefore, unless the inclination adopted by the defendants was within that 

 limit, the plaintiffs on that ground were nrtt entitled to recover. The jury 

 therefore gave a verdict for the defendant, the plaintiffs having liberty to 

 move to enter a verdict of 50/. U. 



College for Civil Kn^'mrers. — On Tuesday the 18th uU., the yearly 6x7 

 amiiiatum of the students of ihe College for Civil Kngineers was held a 

 Putney, and was attended by H.H.H. the Duke of C tmbridge, and many 

 of the arisioeracy. 'i'lie college seems to be advancing in public opinion. 

 We iti-pcitcd the drawings, models, workshops, and other practical 

 ilepartments. which we are happy to say show considerable advance- 

 ment in the knowledge of engineering. We were sorry on such an occa- 

 sion, and in an lnsliluti(m so promising, to see year after year, in the work- 

 shops, such schemes as the lociuunlive air-engine, and the imitation yf 

 Hero's rotary-engine ; for in an establishment like the college, it is belter 

 to be loo far behinddiaud, ihan to be suspected of running after what 

 savours of visionary prujecls. 



LIST OP NEVir PATENTS. 



GRANTtiD IN ENCiLAND FROM JuME 24, TO JULY 18, IS48. 



Six Months allowed for Enrolment j unless olhej-wise expressed, 



Deane Samuel Watlcer, ot London-britlge, merctiant, for " Improvpments in the manu- 

 facture of bunds or sinipj tor hats, caps, shoes, and stoctcs." — Seated June 'J4. 



Henry Archer, of Shiiftesbnry-crecent, PimMco, Middlese?:, gent cman, for " Improre- 

 ments in matches, and in the production of light, and in the appirutus to be used there- 

 with," — June 24. 



William Hunt.'of Dodder-hill, Worcester, chemist, for "Improvements in obtainiDR 

 certain metals from certain compounds containing these metals, and in obtaining »ther 

 products, by the use of certain compounds containing metals." — June L'4. 



Richard Chul;, of the Strand, Westminster, lamp manufacturer, for*' certain Improve- 

 ments in gas burners, and in c:indle lamps and other lamps." — June 26. 



Frederick William RIowbray, of Leicester, paper-dealer, for "Improvements in the 

 manufacture ot looped fabrics." — June 'Z7 . 



John McInlo«h, of Glasgoiv, geutlcman, for "Improvements in obtiuning motive 

 po'.ver." — June 2'i. * 



Joseph Skertchly, of Anstey, Leicestershire, gentleman, for " Improremeots in bricks, 

 and in the manufacture of tobacco-pipes, and other like articles."— June ."10. 



Elizabeth Daliin, of No. 1, St. Paul's Church yard, London; widow, for " Improve- 

 ments in tleaniMg and roasting rntfee, in the apparatus and machinery to be used therein, 

 and also in the apparatus for making infusions and decoctions of cotfee." — July ii. 



Nathaniel Beardmove, of \'A, Great College-street, Westminster, for "certain Improve- 

 ments in founding and constructing walls, piers, and breakwaters, parts of which im- 

 provements are applicable to other struct'ires.*' — July 'A. 



John Ulartin, of Killyle.ieh Ulills, Down, Ireland, mamifac'urer, for " Improvements 

 in preparing and dressing ll^ix, low, I'nd other fibrous substanes, and doubling, drawine, 

 and twisting flax, tow. and other librous substances, and in the machinery to be used for 

 such purposes." — July''. 



Joseph Clinton Hoh>.-rt3on, of Fleet-street. London, civil engineer, for " Improvements in 

 the manufacture of gas." (A communication.)— July fi. 



George IJeattie, of Fdinburgh, builder, for " an Improved air-spring and atmospheric 

 resisting power."— July '». 



Anthony Lorimier, of Bell's-buildings, Salislmry-square, City, book-binder, for " Im- 

 provements in combining gutta percha and caoutchouc with othur materials." — July fi. 



William Edward Newton, of Chancery-lane, Middlesex, for " Improvements in the 

 construction ofsioves, grates, furnace or fire-places for various useful lurposcs."— July6. 



William Swidn, of Pembroke, Hereford, brick-maker, for "certain Improvements in 

 ihe construi lion of kilns for the drying and burning of biicks, tiles, and other earthen 

 sulis'ances, and for the consumption nl smoke and other noxious g.ises arising tlierelroni, 

 and which hitter iinprovL^mcnts may be applied to all chimneys." — July 6. 



Enr>( h S eel, and William Britter, of Lambeth, Surrey, mnnufacturers, for " Improve^ 

 menls in Ihe nianu.'acture of tobacco pipes."— July t>. 



Walter Orbel Palmer, of Southacre, near Sivaffham, Norfolk, for " Improvements in 

 miichin^ry (or thrashing and drtssing corn."— July 10. 



Hichard Hohcrts, of Globe Works, Manchester, engineer, tor "certnin Improvenienla 

 in. anil a plic^ition ti», cloti;3 and other tin-e-keepers, in machinery or apparatus for 

 virding clocks and holstin-' weiahts,and for effecting telegr^iphic communication botiveca 

 disiant clocks and phices olheiwise than by electro-magnetism."— July 11. 



Lerin Castelain. of Poulton-square, Middlesex, chemist, for "Improvements in the 

 manufacture of soap." — J uly 11. 



Felix Alexander 'I'eslud de Beauregard, of Paris, engineer, for "Improvements in 

 geneiiiiing steaiu, and in the means o.' obtaining power from steam-engines."- July H. 



Mathew Kirtley, of Derby, engineer, for " Improvements in the manufacture of rail- 

 way-wheels." -July 11. 



.le'se Uoss. of Leicester, agent, for " Improvements in apparatus for dibbling and other 

 ocricnltural puposea, part of which improvements is applicable to propelling vessels." — 

 Julyll. 



William Krlwards Staite. of Lombard-street, City, gentleman, for " Improvemynts in 

 the construct! in of (;alvanic batteries, in the formation of magnets, and in the applii;ation 

 of I'leciricity atni magnetism tor the purpose of lighting and signalizing, as also a mode 

 or modes of employing the said gr.lv:inic hHtleries or some of them, for the purpose of 

 obtaining cheu-ical products," (Partly a communicution.J -July 12. 



William Swain, of Pembrrdge, Heicford. brick maker, for "certain Improvements in 

 kilns for hurning bricks, tiles, and olher e,u then substances." — July IS. 



Jean Louis Lnmen;iude, of 10, Passage Touffroy, Paris, jeweller, for "a new process of 

 applying or fixing letters of metal upon glass, murblo, wood, and other substancw?." — 

 July IS. 



Chiules Purni*!!, of Liverpool, dock-master, for "certain ImproveU apparatus Co be 

 applied to ti.nher loaded and other vessels laden with materials the specific gravity of 

 which is lighter than water, preveniing the necess ty nf atiandoning them at saa by 

 ridding them of the superincumbent water, and enab.ing them thereby to carry sail."— 

 July IS. 



William Kdivard Neivton, of Chancery-lane, Middlesex, for " certain Improveoients in 

 machinery for letter-press piinting."— July 18. 



Joseph Stenson, of Norlhampton, engineer, for "Improvements in steam-engines and 

 boilers, parts of which improve.nents nre also applicajle to other motive machinery."— 

 July IS. 



Joham Arnold Steinkamp, o' Leicester street. Leicester -square, Middlesex, genrlemmi, 

 for " Improvemeuts in the manufacture of sugar from the cane."— July li. 



