90 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



[March, 



STEAM APPARATUS. 



Sir — Having had my attention drawni to tlie notice of my lining madiine 

 in your Journal of this month, page 28, and conceiving that your editorial 

 remarks is calculated to \rithdraw attention from it, I beg to trouble you 

 with the following CNiilanatiou : — 



The application of steam heat to the purposes of drying is very common, 

 as every one knows; but, in aU cases that I am acquainted with, its direct 

 application is fn the air in which the goods intended to be dried are exposed 

 — that is, they arc hung up in a heated air. Ventilation is essentially neces- 

 sary in everv' operation of drying; but the ventilation which carries otT the 

 moisture evaporated from the wet goods, carries off also, a portion of the 

 heated air before it is saturated with moisture. There is, therefore, a waste 

 of caloric, or heat, in all systems of diyiug with wliich I am acquainted. My 

 object has been to avoid this — to prevent any particle of caloric generated 

 from escaping without performing its duty. The mode adopted in this ma- 

 chine, is not to heat the air, but to bang the drying goods close to the pipes 

 wliicb generate the heat, and in such a manner as shall form an entire sheet, 

 clositiff in and coverim/ the pipes. In this case it is evident that no heat can 

 escape vithont paasinff tJtronffh the wet (jnodft, for the heat is on one side only 

 of tlie drying material, which on the other side is a current of air which 

 carries off the moisture as fast as it is expelled. It is by this economy of 

 lieat that we ai'e enabled to dry 150 sheets in an liour in the small machine 

 at Abingdon. 



The principle may perhaps be better understood by any one acquainted 

 with the common mode of (Irving woollen clothes in stoves. It is well 

 known that the usual length of a piece of cloth is about 40 yards, and that 

 the rack on which it is hung in a stove is doubled in two parallel lines 6 or 7 

 inches apart, to avoid an extreme length of building. The cloth when hung 

 is stretched on this rack, so forming a double line with an interval of 6 or 7 

 iuches ; into this interval or between the doulde rack, pipes are introduced, 

 the top of the interval being closed by a piece of board connecting the double 

 rack. 



It is thus clear that the heat generated from the pipes can escape only by 

 passing through the cloth. So effectual is tliis mode found in the extensive 

 manufactories of Messrs. Wilkins and Co., near Bath, that a cloth which used 

 to be fom hours in dr)'ing, is now dried in three quarters of an hour, wliile 

 the fuel is diminished two parts out of three. It follows also, of course, that 

 from the rapidity of the changes, one-fourth of the space formerly required 

 is now sufficient. 



As applied to the dicing of wool the same advantage is discernable. In 

 this case the i)ipes are laid under a perforated floor, and the wool so disposed 

 that the ascending heat may pass through it. By this means two rooms are 

 found to dry more than was formerly done in six. 



I am. Sir, your obedient servant, 



James Wapshare. 



1, Great Bedford Street, Bath. 

 January 29, 1840. 



A PARISH CHURCH BURIED IN THE SAND FOR 700 YEARS. 

 LATELY DISCOVERED. 



(From the Churchman.) 



Of the many objects to which the attention of your readers is drawn, in 

 the various departments of your paper, there is not one which can exceed in 

 interest the following account of the church of Perranzabuloe, or St. Peran, 

 in the hundred of Pydar, in the county of Cornwall. For more than seven 

 Inuulrcd years it had been imbedded in the sand, from which it was rescued, 

 in tlie year IS.I.'i.by the persevering exertions of a private gentleman, Wil- 

 liam Mitchell, Esq., of Comprcgny near Truro ; and there are many conside- 

 rations which remlera description of the church, in the state in which it was 

 found, very o))portuue and seasonable at this moment ; for its jiresent state 

 affords presumptive and internal evidence of the fallacy of some of those pre- 

 tensions in wliieli the nicmliers of the Uoniisb comnamion indulge, as to the 

 antiquity of tlie cliiireli, and the pomp and splendour of tlieir services. It 

 wouhl be no ilidiciiU matter to prove, by authentic documents, tliat the first 

 three centuries furnish not the slightest authority for those pompous cere- 

 monies, and those pneiilc observances which were introduced, and wliich 

 still continue to outrage the simplicity of the primitive worship. With 

 respect to this particular church, the sand has been accumulating for many 

 hundred years, but when completely removed, the church was found in the 



most perfect state; and it is a very singular circumstance, that the interior 

 contained none of the modern innovations and accompaniments of a Romish 

 place of worship, from wliich the evidence is clear and indisputable, that it 

 must have been built at a period anterior to the introduction of the numerous 

 corruptions, lic, of the Papistical communion, and gives sanction to the well 

 authenticated fact, that, in the first three or four centuries, not one of those 

 l)uerilitles and observances, borrowed either from Pagan idolatries or the 

 Jewish ritual, were known ; for the truth is, what we see in Romish places 

 of worship, is nothing but a transfer of what we read from the synagogues of 

 the Jews, or the temples of the Pagans ; and which outvie in particular, in 

 splendour and magnificence, the sacerdotal vestments with which those were 

 apparelled who ofBciated either in the one or the other. The whole of their 

 service is an appeal more to the external sense, than an address to the under- 

 standing and the affections. There was no rood left for the hanging of the 

 host, nor the vain display of fabricated relics, no latticed confessional, no 

 sacring bell (a bcU rung before and at the elevation of the host,) no daubed 

 and decorated images of the Virgin Marj' or of Saints, nothing which indi- 

 cates the unscriptural adoration of the water, or the no less unscriptiual 

 masses for the dead. The most dUigent search was made for beads and 

 rosaries — pyxes and Agni Dei — censers and crucifixes. Strange that this 

 ancient church, in which it will be borne in mind, everything was found as 

 perfect as at the time in which it was first imbeddeil, should so belie the 

 constant appeal to antiquity — to the faith of their forefatliers — to the old 

 religion, as it is falsely termed, as if that were religion which has not a par- 

 ticle of the simplicity and purity of the primitive church, to sanctify and 

 identify it as a branch from the true apostolical tree! At the eastern end, 

 in a plain, unornamental chancel, stands a very neat but simple stone altar, 

 and in the nave of the church are stone seats, of the like simple construction, 

 attached to the western, northern, and southern walls. With such humble 

 accommodations were our fathers, who worshipped God, in simplicity and 

 truth, content ! 



From the amiable and intelligent historian of the past and present con- 

 dition of Perranzabuloe — the Rev. C. T. Collins Trelawny, a descendant, on 

 the maternal side, of the good Bishop Trelawny — a name of which he may 

 well be proud — one of the seven of the glorious company who preferred the 

 gloom of a prison before submission to the mandates of an arbitrary papistical 

 tyrant, — I have had an interesting letter, in which, in answer to my inquiry 

 as to the present state of the parish cluuch, he informs me that it is not in a 

 condition to admit of its being used for any purpose whatsoever, as it is 

 already again entombed in the sand ! It was with extreme regret that I 

 received tliis communication ; for so much bad my interest been excited by 

 iMr. Trelawny's narrative, which is beautiful and will well repay many a 

 perusal, that I was on the point of fulfilling arrangements I had made for a 

 sunnner visit to the venerated spot ; but I hope that the same enterprising 

 spirit l)y which it was five years since resuscitated as it were, and recalled 

 into being, will be again interposed to rescue it from its present entombment, 

 and be a temple yet appropriated to the serricc of the living God ! 1 know not 

 the locaUties ; but who in such a w isb does not join .' and where is the man 

 whose piety would nut grow warm as he worshipped within the hallowed pile 

 of Perranzabuloe, as much as it would within the mouldering ruins of loua ? It 

 may not, perhaps, be unimportant and uninteresting to add, that the tutelar 

 Saint of Cornwall was Peranus, or St. Perrau, after whom the imbedded 

 church was named, and that the memory of this saint is still cherished with 

 fond veneration by the people of Cornwall. His anmual commemoration is 

 celebrated on the '5th of March. Christianity was first preached in Cornwall 

 by Corantinus, by whom the whole of the population was rescued from 

 Pagan idolatry, and converted to the Christian faith, at the end of the third, 

 and at the commencement of the fourth century. 



J.\MES RCDGE, D.D. 



Ilau-kchurch Rectory, ISth Dec. 1839. 



ARCHITECTURE AT HOME AND ABROAD. 



[M'e select tlie following remarks on arcliitecture from an interesting paper 

 which appeared in the last Foreign Quarterly Kevieii'.'] 



Owing to the great impulse wliich has been given to building, since the 

 peace, we have now, throughout the country, a show of very respectable bits 

 of architecture — things of rather ambiguous or negative merit ; — Gothic made 

 neat, Grecian made homely, Italian softened down to insipidity. In art our 

 ambition is of a staid, modest, and reasonable kinil. Among all our recent 

 works we have few of monumental character, that is, such as testify honour- 

 ably to the power and taste of the age in which they were produced : scarcely 

 any thing that is really imposing in point of scale, and not less imposing and 

 dignified in style. Our classical school is mechanically correct, frigid, an 

 mannered : we must not look to it for genialty of conception, masterly origi- 

 nality, or happiness of invention. What beauties it gives us ai-e almost alto- 

 gether borrowed ;— transcripts of good originals as regards individual features, 

 which are, however, seldom more than merely put together, instead of being 

 so combined as to produce an ensemble with one and the same spirit pervad- 



