2on 



TITE CTVTL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



[Junk, 



tiis dosigned by (he author, and another which has been adopted in 

 SwitzerUind. 



i'nni>osi;D fii.tkkin<; Ai'r.\BATUs. 



REFERENCE. 



A, cliarooal medium (Ihe finest in the rentre). H, fine sand. C, eoarse sand. 

 D, fine iTavel, and pebljlcs. E, large gravel, and Ijroken pottery. 



The ahovc is a slietch of a filtering apparatus, in \\nieli charcoal is proposed 

 to lie emjiloyed, both in a fine and coarse state, the finest being in tiie centre, 

 as shown. In this case, lateral fdtration by a head of water, is to be pre- 

 ferreil to an extended surface over which the filtering materials are laid, and 

 where tbe water percolates through, as in the first place, the materials, (the 

 charcoal in jiarticular,) will be more accessible at all times for cleansing, or 

 renewing, when required. The charcoal, in fact, might be taken out and re- 

 newed, witliout interfering in the slightest way with the rest of the filtering 

 niaterials, being separated from the gravel and sand, by the perforated plank- 

 ing, as shown in the sketch. 



In the next place, the disposition of the sand, &c., the finest being placed 

 outermost, at its natural slope of about .'50° or 35", would in a great measure 

 supersede the necessity for having the surface scraped frequently, as done at 

 the Chelsea water works, for there would be a nn/nral feiidenoi/, in propor- 

 tion as the outer layer of sand became loaded with the sediment and particles 

 which It would arrest, for the sand to sfiiJo ilnini to the base of the slope, 

 where the sediment, ^vc, would accunudate, and from whence it migl\t be 

 easily removed. All that would be reiinircd in that case, would he to renew 

 occasionally the outer layer of sand, which might be done with the greatest 

 case from the top of the filter-bank, without disturbing the remainder. It 

 should be ohser\ed that where the sand conies in contact with the planking 

 near tlie top of the strucfurc, the ]danks should lie laid with a close joint, to 

 prevent the sand from being washed through. 



Thirdly, the proposed method would be far less expensive, as regards the 

 first cost, than the method of filtering hy descent ; as the construction of the 

 frame-work would be entirely of timber, it could be jint together by any car- 

 ])eiitcr .it a trifling expense. The plan proposed wouhl, in fact, combine the 

 advantages of two distinct filters, acting in very ilifi'erent ways, with very 

 little more trouble or expense, than would lie involved in the construction of 

 one only. With respect to the length of time during which the charcoal 

 would retain its pnrifj'ing qualities, it appears from Mr. Lowit/'s experiments, 

 before mentioneil, that charcoal retained its autipntreseeiit properties for a 

 v^/iolr year ; and therefore, if the supjily had to be renewed but once in that 

 time, the expense would be but small. This must be, however, a matter of 

 experiment ; probably it might be found that by remo\ing the charcoal from 

 time to tiiiic, washing it well, and eaposinij it ht the liijht and air, for a few 

 days, it would part with whatever putrescent particles it had absorbed from 

 Ihe water, and might be made use of over again. 



In order to facilitate the deposition and subsidence of the grosser impuri- 

 ties and sediment, pievions to the water passing through the above filler- 

 bank, a very simple and ingeniims method might be employed, which lias 

 been put in practice with complete success in .Switzerland, for purifying a 

 stream of water, and which was described by Sir Henry Eiiglefield, in the 

 Philosoidiical .lonrnal, so far hack as 1804. It consists of a structure of 

 tunhcr or masonry, as shown in the jicrspectivc sketch below, where A A is 

 the upper surface of the stream to be ]iurificd, and li R the bottom. The 

 channel, or cut through which the water flows is divided into several cham- 

 bers by the jiarallel p.ulitinus C. C, C, altennitely rising above the surface 

 level of the stream, and fipeu at the liutlom, while the intermediate partitions 

 D, D, do not rise witliiii xenralfeet of the surface, and are contlnned to the 

 bottom. It is obvious that the course of the water nmst he in the direction 

 of the arrows, and in this rejieated slow ascent and descent, all floating hn- 

 )iurities will be left at the to]i, while the sediment and heavier ini]iuritics 

 will subside to the bottom. The sediment, &c., may he easily removed .ind 

 the apparatus cleansed, by sending down )iersons between tbe walls, and the 

 operation would he facilitated by giving to the bottom of the cut or canal, 

 the form of an inverted arch. The spaces between the partition walls might 

 be partly filled with coarse filtering materials, such as broken pottery, or 

 coarse gravel and pebbles, &c. 



I/lmlralions of Indian Architecture from the Muhammadan Conquest 

 doimtvardsj'bt/ Uarkham Kittoe, Esq. Calcutta: Thacker & Co., 

 1838. London: Allen. 



We presume that Mr. Kittoe is not a member of the profession, but 

 attached to the civil service in India, but he has produced a work 

 which cannot but be valuable both to the student of this specific branch 

 of architecture, and to those who are attached to the art in general. 

 The buildings represented in the numbers before us, principally belong 

 to the end of the seventeenth century, and their details are illustrated 

 with an accuracy, which makes them equally useful and interesting. 

 It is singular to trace in the buildings of Delhi or Agra some of the 

 commonest ornaments of our iiuu drawing rooms, and Mr. Kittoe's 

 work presents variations of them which might be introduced with ad- 

 vantage here. Some of the trellis work in stone is particularly ad- 

 mirable, and would look extremely well in iron, or applied for grained 

 ceilings, the variations of honeysuckle ornament are also well worthy 

 of attention. These nundjers are indeed a great accession to our stock 

 of works on ornament, and Mr. Kittoe deserves the highest praise for 

 producing a work so valuable in despite of all the difficulties of the 

 Indian press. To us this work is also gratifying as it is a proof of our 

 labours having penetrated there and been appreciated, and we cannot 

 but recommend to architects and amateurs in the ditiijrent parts of our 



