LONG-HOKNEI) LOCUSTS. 25 



The males of the majority of the winged species produce a 

 chirping sound. This is produced in the same way as in the 

 Crickets, but the drum is at the base of the wing, and is more 

 developed in the right wing ; the left wing bears the file or bow 

 and is always uppermost (fig. 22). In Ephippiger and a few allied 

 genera both sexes are provided with a sounding apparatus. 



A large number of species in this family have an auditory 

 apparatus or ear at the base of the front tibiae. The tibia at this 

 point is somewhat enlarged, and on each side there is an oval 

 impression, of a complex structure formed to receive sounds. In 

 some species there is only a narrow slit instead of the oval impression. 

 Both sexes possess this apparatus. 



A curious Indian insect (Schizodactylus monstrosus, 1243), 

 exhibited in this case, deserves special notice. It is remarkable for 

 the great length of the wings, which, when at rest, are coiled at the 

 tip like a watch-spring. The tarsi are also unlike those of any other 

 insect. They have four joints, the first and fourth are long, the 

 second and third very short, and have on each side a broad and 

 flattened lobe, in addition to which in the posterior pair the basal 

 joint is expanded on each side into a triangular plate. This insect 

 burrows to a considerable depth in the banks of rivers, remaining 

 under ground during the day and flying by night. Some authors 

 have placed this insect in the family Gryllidcz on account of its 

 general form and burrowing habits, and on account of the absence 

 of the ear-like impression on the front tibiae. The tarsi are, however, 

 four-jointed as in the Phasgonuridw. 



Family LOCUSTID^E. 



The next case contains the Grasshoppers and Locusts, Locustidce Table- 

 (Acndiidce of many authors, 1271-1295). These differ from the five case 34 ' 

 preceding families in having short antennae. The tarsi have three 

 joints, the basal ones being provided with soft pads beneath. A few 

 species are wingless, or nearly so. In the species which have the wings 

 fully developed, the front pair are of a firmer texture than the hind 

 pair and serve as coverings for them ; they are generally longer than 

 the posterior pair. 



The front legs are not provided with an ear as in the Phasgon- 

 uridce, but a somewhat similar organ is found on each side of the base 

 of the abdomen. The chirping of grasshoppers is not produced by 

 the wings, but by rubbing the femur against the wing. If the hind 



