1 APPENDIX TO THE MANUAL 



and another Kpiinging from the liigh ridges between Thothanaiid 

 and Poranganaud, discharging itself into the Moyaur i-iver about five 

 miles on the west of Gajelhtitty, before which a small canal is 

 branched off it for the irrigation of paddy lands of a small extent 

 about the village Moyaur. The nullah rushing down the hills on the 

 north of Nellithoray (having the appellation of Culaur or rocky river) 

 from Maicanaud is considerable, and waters an extent of three square 

 miles of paddy lands belonging to Nellithoray. 

 Hoacls and 7. There are thi-ee passes leading up to the mountains from the 



passes. low-lauds. The first is from Danaikencota, which begins to get upon 



ihe hills from about two miles on the west of it, and continues its 

 track over a pretty steep eminence till as far as half a mile on this side 

 of Urracadoo, the first village on the mountains, and distant by tlic 

 route seven miles. It is extremely difficult and impracticable to 

 laden bullocks from the steep ascent and ruggedncss of the path. 

 •From Urracadoo by Thaynaud and Ncduncolum to Poranganaud is 

 sixteen miles, the road not less difficult from the many acclivities and 

 •declivities to be passed over. 



The second pass leads tip from D.xvaroyputnnm, the length 

 of which from the foot to Mullayacota fort is nearly five miles, over a 

 much gentler slope, but it is not in any way less difficult, and there 

 ■are few parts so dangerous, where the least stumbling or slip of 

 the foot will be attended with the most tragical consequences. It is 

 entirely impi'acticable to horses and laden bullocks, although it is 

 asserted that in the times of Tippoo Sultan a few hoi'ses and one or 

 two pieces of cannon were carried over to the fo rt. From Mullayacota 

 to Thothanaud is three and a half miles, and from the latter place to 

 ■Porunganaud, over Cookul, it is eleven miles, the road pretty tolerable. 

 The third pass leads up from Aulhutty on the south, and it is very 

 steep and rugged till the summit of the hill is gained at Serulcombay, 

 ■a small village, whence the difficulty of the road becomes moderate 

 to Porunganaud, which from Anlhiitty is thirteen miles. From 

 Porunganaud westward to Maicanaud is eighteen miles, and from 

 Maicanaud to Mullayacota in Thothanaud, over the pasture-lands, is 

 ten miles, road tolerable. In short the sevei-al roads leading through 

 the mountains may with propriety be all called passes. 

 Jungle. 8. The sides of the mountains and the several deep valleys opening 



about them are covered with large trees of the black and teak wood, 

 as well as many other kinds, and which supply a large quantity of 

 timber ; there is also a good share of bamboo ti'ees on the sides, 

 which grow up only to the summit of the hills, whence the jungle 

 decreases to a low wood, and in several places only to brushwood. 

 Although the surface of the mountains bear such a paltry covering, 

 there is, however, a striking diversity of landscape from the immense 

 and large shady thickets or clusters of overgrown trees, which lie 

 interspersed generally by some spring of water. The deep vallws 

 on the sides abound with plantain groves, the fruit of which is 

 inferior in quality to that of the low countries and extremely unwhole- 



