Ixii APPENDIX TO THE MANUAL 



though they are the artizans, cultivate extensive tracts in the vicinage 

 of their habitations ; the Mullu Curunibers confine themselves to the 

 exterior slopes and prepare their fields with the hand-hoe. The Toda- 

 wars, a migratory race, only tend large herds of bunaloes, chiefly confin- 

 ing themselves to the Mullanaud pastures on the west. It is a singular 

 circumstance that no regular temples or places of w^orship are to bo 

 seen here, but they have a house in some of the more extensive villages 

 set apart for performing their ceremonies called Davurmannay, and 

 sometimes a small detached hut in a grove for tliis purpose; tlie 

 Todawars on occasions convert their dairy into a kousc of worship ; 

 there are three deities worshipped by the Badagas besides Uunga- 

 sawmy, which, however, is considered to be the principal deity and held 

 iu great veneration by all the mountaineers, the Todawars e-ven nofc 

 excepted. He is worshipped on the peak called after him on the eastern 

 side of the mountain which appears conspicuous from the plain country 

 on the south-east. The only emblems of the deity seen on it are a 

 few rude stones and iron tridents fixed in the ground and surrounded 

 by a low, rude, circular wall of loose stone with a coujDle of large iron 

 pans on it ; these arc on tl>c festival of Shcvaratry replenished with 

 ghee or oil, and at night illuminated. The hill people during this 

 festival come from their villages on the west and make ofi'erings of 

 fruit, ghee, &c. ; this peak is also celebrated for a cavern on the north 

 declivity, which contains some holy earth, in request by Brahmins and 

 other castes ; much of it is carried a.way to different parts by pilgrims 

 who come here during the annual festival.* The hill hamlets or villages 

 are often seen in clusters of three or four within half a mile of each other 

 and sometimes nearer ; in some cases they are alone in remote situations 

 on the sides of the valleys ; the scenery in all situations beautiful though 

 somewhat naked from a scarcity of trees near them. The clear purling 

 streams meandering in every direction at the bottom of the valleys 

 afford a constant supply of water, of which however no advantage- 

 is taken, irrigation being in a great measure neglected in all parts.. 

 Since these regions have been visited by gentlemen, several bungalows 

 have been built in different pleasant situations as at Dimhutty, and 

 here is a very good kitchen garden, as also at Jackanairy in a lower 

 situation. A few temporary ones have been erected for the convenience 

 of travellers at Kodavanudy, Nunjanaud, Keelur, and Yellanully, and 

 another is now in some progress at Whotakay in the Mullanaud, with 

 a spacious garden laid out with taste on the shoulder of a low ridge,, 

 which promises in time to outstrip those above mentioned. One great 

 disadvantage attending building here is the want of materials ; there is 

 a variety of timber, but it appears to be of a very indifferent kind, nor 

 is it possible to burn firm bricks ; the clay being of a bad quality does 

 not adhere together for any time. 

 Soil and The soil of the hills varies materially ; to the east it is of a light red 



productions, j^j^cd with gravel ; that peculiar to Mullanaud is a deep brown some- 

 times inclining to black ; in the morasses and woods it is perfectly so, 



* A further account of tbcir cnstomsand manners will be seen in another place. 



