1849.] 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



current wires are in suitable connection ; the whole is under a 

 ^lass shade, the light being produced by the passage of the electric 

 fluid through tlie iridium. Combinations of these electrodes are 

 represented under the same shade for the production of a more 

 intense light. 



The ninth part refers to the encasing of electrodes in supporting 

 tubes, by which the electrode is protected from fracture, and also 

 admitting of the electrodes being made of several pieces, and 

 joined end to end. This supporting tube rises nearly to the top of 

 the electrode, and is suj-mounted by a number of erect springs, 

 which surround the electrode, and hold it firmly after it passes out 

 of the tube end ; these springs are fitted to the top of the tube 

 by a sort of a bayonet-joint. The electrode — or pieces forming 

 the electrode — are joined by insertion the one into the other, and 

 secured by a suitable cement, the to|> of the under one forming a 

 cup for the reception of a pin formed on the lower end of the 

 upper portion. 



The tenth part relates to the introduction of an intensity-coil 

 in the electric circuit of galvanic batteries, for the purpose of in- 

 creasing the intensity of the fluid. This consists of a copper-wire 

 ribbon, wound and retained in a suitable coiled form, through 

 which the current is passed when applied to the purposes of light- 

 ing, or for motive purposes. This copper ribbon should be a cross 

 section of an area of one-tenth of an inch for every forty yards in 

 length. 



The last part of this invention relates to the production of 

 chemical products from galvanic batteries, either used for the pro- 

 duction of light or heat, for motive power, or for the production 

 of such chemical products only. For this purpose, one or other of 

 the perfluent systems of battery should be employed, from the 

 facilities aft'orded for drawing off the products. In the case of 

 zinc being used as the positive element, the sul|)hate of zinc will 

 be the result ; but as the sulphate of zinc is of little or no com- 

 mercial value, he further prepares it by adding thereto a solution 

 of the sesqui-carbonate of ammonia, which will precipitate the 

 oxide of zinc, and the acid, being thus freed from the zinc, may 

 be used again in the batteries, while the oxide of zinc may be em- 

 ployed in place of the carbonate of lead, so extensively used as a 

 pigment. Various other results may be obtained, according to the 

 metals and acids employed in the batteries, several of which are 

 given in 'illustration, but which it will be unnecessary to enter into. 



First — the construction of galvanic batteries on the perfluent 

 principle, before explained ; vvhether the perfluence of the liquid 

 is efl'ected by inter-communicating channels at the bottom of the 

 trough, or by syphons at the top, or by any other equivalent means. 



Secondly — the employment in galvanic batteries of flexible hose, 

 with funnels attached thereto, for the purpose of charging and dis- 

 charging the cells. 



Thirdly — the construction of the double fluid battery, before 

 described, so as to cause the perfluence of two separate and dis- 

 tinct exciting fluids. 



Fourthly — the graduated meter attached to the supply-tub or 

 cistern, in order to regulate the quantity of the exciting fluid 

 which may be required to pass through the battery. 



Fifthly — the equilibriated hydrostatic supply-cistern, as adapted 

 to galvanic batteries. 



Sixthly — the combination of lead (instead of zinc), as the posi- 

 tive element, with any suitable negative element having nitric acid 

 as the exciting fluid, in galvanic batteries. 



Seventhly — the mode described of enclosing a liquid mercurial 

 amalgam of zinc in a bag of linen, horse-hair, cloth, or other 

 finely reticulated fabrics, and to be used instead of the amalga- 

 mated zinc-plates, or rods of galvanic batteries. 



Eighthly — the employment of an amalgam of zinc and mercury, 

 in the proportion of five of zinc to one of mercury, in galvanic 

 batteries. 



Ninthly — the several improvements described in the formation 

 of magnets. 



Tentbly — the improved regulator for electric lamps, as described. 



Eleventhly — the improved galvanometer and graduated scale, 

 before described. 



Twelfthlj' — the several improved modes of actuating the elec- 

 trodes in electric lamps, before described. 



Thirteenthly — the method described of making the electrodes 

 of iridium, or alloys of iridium, and used for the purpose of pro- 

 ducing electric light. 



Fourteenthly — the encasing the electrodes of electric lamps in 

 tubes, for their support, and the making them in pieces, as before 

 explained. 



Fifteenthly — the insulation of the said electrode tubes from the 

 metal stand which supports the lamp, so as to allow of two or mure 



separate lights being worked w ith separate currents of electricity, 

 independently of each other ; but sufficiently near to be worked 

 under one glass shade. 



Sixteenthly — the revolving circular electrode, with conical edges, 

 in combination with a scraper, for removing the particles of matter 

 transferred from the one electrode to the other. 



Seventeenthly — the employment in electric lamps of glass, or 

 some similar imperfect conductor of heat, to envelope the metallic 

 appai'atus for holding the electrode. 



Eighteenthly— the combination of an intensity-coil with a gal- 

 vanic battery, as before described. 



Nineteenthly — the several arrangements for producing the regu- 

 larly intermittent light from electricity, for the purposes of illu- 

 mination in lighthouses, together with the various modifications 

 by which the same may be adapted to tlie production of a perma- 

 nent light, as described. 



Twentieth, and lastly — the formation of galvanic batteries, 

 for the purpose of obtaining chemical products from the several 

 combinations of galvanic elements and exciting liquids, herein 

 mentioned. 



PAPIER-MACHE ARTICLES. 



WiLLi.\M Brindley, of Twickenham, Middlesex, manufacturer, 



for '•^ improvements in the manufueture of articles of papier machi." 

 — Granted June (J ; Enrolled December 6, 18-t8. 



The improvements relate — First, to a mode of producing orna- 

 mental and other surfaces in relief, on trays and other articles of 

 papier mache'. Secondly, to a mode of manufacturing hollow arti- 

 cles of papier mache, such as basins for holding water, so as to 

 produce wash-hand basins, suitable for camp furniture, and such 

 like purposes. And thirdly, to making hats of papier mache. 



The first part of the invention consists in employing moulds 

 with sunk or hollow parts according to design, so as to obtain ar- 

 ticles of papier maciie from slieets, made with designs in relief. 

 For this purpose, metal moulds are used; but in place of their 

 being plain, and producing plain surfaces, they are made with en- 

 graved or other suuk surfaces, so that when the sheet of pulp is 

 compressed between moulds, one or other, or both of which having 

 recesses in pattern, those will produce the article of papier mache 

 with surfaces in relief; and as it would be expensi\e to make a 

 number of moulds of the same pattern, if of metal, papier mache 

 is employed in making numerous patterns from one pattern; and 

 this is done by placing a succession of sheets between the moulds, 

 and then to dress up such moulded articles as if they were to be 

 japanned; but in place thereof they are only saturated with oil, 

 and stoved; and then they are used in obtaining a series of moulds 

 for making trays and otlier articles of papier mache, according as 

 the moulds are made suitable for one article or another; and in 

 order to give them strength, the ordinary moulds of sheet metal 

 are used; or in place of making the papier mache moulds from 

 sheets, as above described, papier mache articles may be moulded 

 and dried between the ordinary moulds; the parts where surfaces 

 in relief are to be obtained to tbe articles of papier mache can be 

 cut out with a sharp knife. The second part of the invention 

 consists of making basins of papier mache, so that they may be 

 used to contain water; and tliis is done by causing sheets of pulp 

 made by sieves from pulp, as above explained, to be pressed be- 

 tween two moulds. The third part of the invention consists of 

 applying a like means of operation in the manufacture of hats. 



MOULDING BRICKS. 



Joseph Skertchly, of Anstey, Leicester, gentleman, for " im- 

 provements in bricks and in- the nninufactare of tubacco pipes and other 

 like articles." — Granted June 30; Enrolled December 30, 1818. 



The improvements are — Firstly, for making bricks used for 

 building, and when required to be covered on either or both of 

 their faces with plaster, cement, stucco, or other like coating, 

 such coating shall be so dovetailed into the subjacent bricks as to 

 be afterwards detachable therefrom only with great difficulty. 

 With this view, each brick is moulded on the face or faces to be 

 plastered or coated, with an under-cut groove, tl;e form of which 

 may be varied at pleasure, so long as it is made broader at the 

 base, or internally, than at the top. — Secondly, the invention re- 

 lates to making tobacco pipes and other like articles from clay or 

 other suitable substance. 



