1849.] 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



£91 



ner, and by grandiosity carried on throughout. The composition 

 itself also would be strikingly novel, — at least, we know of no 

 similar one among all the numerous buildings or designs with 

 which we are acquainted. 



To look now to ourselves, it will probably be said that our idea, 

 containing as it does a central portico, with columns 50 feet high, 

 — or about three more than those of the Pantheon at Rome, — • 

 is, to say nothing of the panels of reliefs for the wings, some- 

 what extravagant. In our opinion, far greater extravagance, with 

 nothing at all adequate to show for it, has now been committed. 

 In the first place, an inner court, which might just as well have 

 been, like the body of the edifice, entirely of plain brick-work, 

 has been faced with stone, to the extent altogether of upwards of 

 1,100 feet; and there also are hidden no fewer than 16 engaged 

 columns and 12 antse, which, with the columns and pUasters of 

 the fafade, and the pilasters between the windows of the houses or 

 external wings, make altogether no fewer than one hundred and 

 twenty-sij; columns, antse, and pilasters; whereas our design would 

 require no more than forty-four. Again, as to length of ashlar 

 wall, there is now altogether, the inner court included, about 

 2,400 feet, and in ours not more than 1,000, or thereabouts. Still, 

 taking into account the greater degree of richness and finish be- 

 stowed upon it, we do not suppose that there would have been any 

 saving at all as to mere cost, but we may safely assert that there 

 would have been infinitely more to show for the money; which is 

 infinitely more than can be said of the present structure, for, con- 

 sidering what the occasion demanded and the opportunity afforded, 

 it is upon the whole the most prosaic and soulless production of 

 modern times, with the single exception, perhaps, of that minikin 

 mass of mesyz/inene bight Buckingham Palace. O, England! put 

 not thy confidence in princes — at least, not in matters of taste; 

 and beware of trusting in future to the sapience and the taste of 

 Trustees. 



C. 



DISCHARGE OF WATER FROM RESERVOIRS. 



The Theory of the Cojitraction of the Movement of Water flowing 

 from Apertures in thin Plates, in a Reservoir in which the Surface 

 of the Water is maintained at a constant altitude. By J. Baver, 

 Lieutenant. (Translated for this Journal from Crelle's ^Journal 

 fUr die Baukunst.' Band 25.) 



{Continued from page 264.) 



When H = 0, the upper edge of these orifices is on the surface 

 of the water, and 



h. Q = k's/{igl) . I P. 



Expand in the equation (rf) the power (H -|- J)i in a series, and we 

 have 



i{(H-l-ft)?-H3} = h[iih 4- 



h 



4H4 



24Hi 



+ 



64H3' 



= 6(V(H + Ji) _-iL + _il-;_ ) 



^ 96Ht 128H3 ' 



Neglecting the other terms, we have approximately — 



Q = t'6/V(45) V^CH-fiJ). 



This is the formula commonly adopted : it gives, however the 

 quantity of discharge generally too large, and is applicable only 

 when the values of b and H are so related that the neglected 

 terms disappear; in practice, however, this occurs when the value 

 of H is not very small. 



When in equation (4) m = 0, the orifice is a triangle (fig. 1), of 

 ^•hich the height b = arf, and the base 1= ef; and in this case we 

 have for the quantity of discharge 



k Q = AV(45)-|/UH-f i)?-l- 



|(H- 



Hi?-(H + 6)t| 



When H = 0, the vertex of the triangle is in the surface of the 

 water, and 



/. q = k- v(ipi) I . I w. 



From equations (; and e), it follows that the quantity of dis- 

 charge through a triangle is f as large as that through a rectangle 

 which has a base and altitude equal to those of the triangle, when 



the vertex of the triangle and the upper side of the rectangle are 

 in the surface of the water. 



. <7 



\n- 



d f 



rl f 



s 



If in equation (Jt) / =: 0, the orifice will also be a triangle, but in 

 an inverted position (fig. 2). The altitude is the same, i, which 

 here ^ a!'d", and the base m = op. The quantity of discharge is 



m. Q = kW^ig) ■ 



(H+ip-Hi 



-m 



When H = 0, 

 have 



the base ?« is in the surface of the water, and we 



Q = A-',s/(*iri) 



\ mh. 



Compare this expression with equation (/) on the hypothesis that 

 m = /, and it follows that the quantities of discharge through both 

 triangles are to one another as 3 to 2. 



Make in figs. 1 and 2, (f:= op, or /= m, and add the equations 

 (Jc) and (m): then for the quantities of discharge through a paral- 

 lelogram of which tlie heiglit =^ b, and the base =: m, we have 



0. Q = kW{iy) . I m {{H + i)3 - Hi I . 



Compare equations {d and o) : it follows that the quantities of dis- 

 charge through a rectangle is equal to that through a parallelo- 

 gram of equal area and base. 



Increase in equation (»() the altitude of pressure H hy b ; so 

 that instead of H, the value H -\- b is substituted. Then for the 

 quantity of discharge through an orifice as ef'g (fig. 3), — 



;,. Q = /fV(4s)f»»{^[(H + 26)l-(n-K6)5]-(H + t)§} 



Add now the equation {k) to equation (p), and put l=:m : it will 

 be thus found that for the quantity of discharge through a paral- 

 lelogram in which one diagonal is vertical and zz::2b = d, and the 

 other diagonal horizontal and equal m, 



q. Q = IWi^a) A f { (H + <i)5 _ 2(H -1- ^df + Hj I . 



In this equation \i d=: m, the orifice is a square, in which one 

 diagonal equal m is vertical, and we have for the quantity of dis- 

 charge, 



r. q = kW{*0) -^l (H + "0^ - 2(H + i m)i + H^}. 



When here H = 0, the summit of the square orifice is in the 

 surface of the water, and the quantity of discharge is 



s. Q 



: ftV(4^m) 



^{4-V2}. 



If the side of the square equal I, m'=i2P. 



Put this value of / in the foregoing equation, and we have for 

 the quantity of discharge from the sides of the square when the 

 diagonal is vertical, 



t. (i = kW{igi).i-.-^'v2{i-V^}. 



From equations {g and )•), (A and t), the proportion of the quan- 

 tities of discharge through the same square is found, when in one 

 case the side, in the other case the diagonal, is vertical or horizon- 

 tal. 



If the altitudes of pressure be measured from the surface of 

 the water to the under edges of the orifices, we have only to put 



38* 



