1S4.9. I 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



319 



Twenty-three second-class, to carry 46 guns— two howitzers (4); two 50- 

 pounder guns ; two 30-pounders (d) ; twenty-four 30pounders (e) ; sixteen 

 30-pounders (ji). 



Eighteen third-class, to carry 38 guns— two howitzers (4); two 50- 

 pounder guns ; four 30-pounders (rf) ; twenty-four 40-pounders (e) ; two 

 SO-pounders (j(). 



CorvetUs. 



Eighteen corvettes, to carry 29 guns — two howitzers (i) ; two 30-pounders 

 (rf) ; two 30-pounders (f) ; fourteen 30-pouiiders (/). 



Eight secnnd-class, to carry 16 guns — two 30-pounders (e) ; fourteen 30- 

 pounders (/). 



Twelve third-class, to carry 16 guns — two 12-poundi;rs, fourteen 18- 

 pounder carronades. 



Brii/s. 



Twenty-seven hrigs. to carry 12 guns, 30-pounders (g). 

 Twenty-seven brigs, to carry 10 guns — two 12 pounder carronades ; eight 

 ISpuunder carronades. 



Schooners. 

 Twelve schooners, to carry eight 18pounder carronades. • 



Gun-Brigs. 

 Nine gun-brigs, carrying four 30-pounder howitzers. 



Transports. 

 Fourteen transports, from 600 to 800 tons, to carry two 30-pounder 

 howitzers. 



The rest of the fleet are to remain armed as they are at present. 



(a) Howitier, 80-pounder, 8§-inch bore, 8 ft. 9 in. length, 72^ ewt. 

 (h) Howitier, 80 pouHLler, f!i| inch bore, 7 ft. 5 in. length, 5o3 cwt. 



''^ fs'-'dulo'" I' Jg-li 'h }""■'• 2 ■■>■ '-8..., m cwt. 



^"SS |;;^l}8ft.0h,.,e„gtU,.0c.t. 



'^''IdSo ^■;^,t'h}«"-2--'-gth,503cwt. 



<''^:S l^:^:k}?n-4in..e„gth..2i™t. 



'""' 4lSI"o Inglish I « "• '•'■>• '™Sth. 70i cwt. 



(i) 18-ditto 8 ft. 2in. length, 403 cwt. 



(j) Howitzer, 30-pounder, 8 ft. 10 in. leng-h, SOJ cwt. 



(k) Canonade, 18- pounder. 2ft. 8 in. lenRth, G^ cwt. 



(1) 12- pounder gun, 6 ft. 10 in. length, 2'2'i cwt. 



A French 80-pounder would be equal to an English 8D-pounder did it exist. 



THE NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY STATION. 



The new station of the London and North-Western Railway Company, in 

 Waterloo-road, which is reached from Edge-hill hy the recently-constructed 

 Victoria tunnel, contains five acres of land, the entire of which is either oc- 

 cupied liy warehouses or covered with zinc shedding. The span of this shed 

 is 183 feet, covering seven lines of rails — the whole cotton quay — from 

 which can be loaded 20,000 bales of cotton daily. The principal entrances 

 to this station are from Waterloo-road on the one side, and from Great 

 Howard-street on the other, and these two thoroughfares form its eastern 

 and western boundaries; Stewart-street stands on the north, and a block of 

 warehouses on the south. This is the largest goods station in England. It 

 has eight lines of rails, with a space of 8 feet between each line, to allow 

 horses and men to pass with safety. The warehouses erected here are the 

 finest, perhaps, in the kingdom. They are far larger than any other ware- 

 houses in Liverpool, and are constructed on the best principles. The rooms 

 are each 102 feet by 90, containing an area close upon 1,000 square yards. 

 All the work will be done on these premises by steam-power, and an engine 

 of 50-horse powei is here erected; but, fearing this amount of power may 

 not be suliicient, the engine-house has been built large enough to allow a 

 second engine, of the same power, to be put up. The warehouses and all 

 the premises are recently wliitewashed, and the appearance it wears is clean 

 and lightsome. 



In connection with the warehouses are two admirably-designed offices, 

 which overhang the rails, and are supported hy iron beams ; these offices 

 communicate with the warehouses, and the men engaged here will be en- 

 abled to superintend the business of the warehouses. In each of the rooms 

 there are two water-plugs, which, in case of fire, can be at once turned, and 

 a plentiful supply of water obtained. 



To form this station, upwards of 120 separate properties, consisting of 

 more than 150 dwelling-houses, warehouses, sheds, yards, &o., had to be 

 purchased and pulled down. 



At the top end of Stewart-street, adjoining Great Howard street, is a 

 vacant plot of land, on which the general offices of the company will be 

 built. These offices will be of great extent and magnificence. Passing up- 

 wards from the Waterloo Station, yon find that the station extends under 

 Great Howard-street, which is supported by a neat iron girder-bridge, of 

 116 feet span, erected by R. Daglisb, jun., St. Helen's; and, a little further 

 on, the station passes under the gigantic brick arches which support the 

 Lancashire and Yorkshire goods station at such an altitude over Great 

 Howard-street. This arch is, we believe, the largest of the kind in England. 



It has a span of 100 feet, and contains upwards of 5J millions of bricks. 

 Here the Irish pig traffic will for the future be taken, the pigs being made to 

 walk into the trucks by a very simple arrangement ; cattle will continue as 

 usual to be got into the wagons at Edi(e-hill, where the company's cattle 

 station contains 102 pens, capable of holding 1,200 head of cattle. 



The station accommodates the Liverpool market, and takes you to the 

 mouth of the tunnel, the dimensions of which are as follow : — Dock to 

 tunnel, 500 yards; tunnel to Byrora-street, 854 yards ; Byrom-street, under 

 69 yards; tunnel from Byrom-street to Edge-hill, 2,717 yards; total, 

 4,140 yards. The wire rope for this tunnel is 3 miles long. The whole 

 inland business of Liverpool may be done at this station; when complete, 

 5,000 tons of goods at least may be easily despatched to all parts of the 

 kingdom. Trains ara drawn up the new tunnel by means of four separate 

 engines of 100-borse power each. — Liverjiool Standard, 



SEA-WALLS. 



Sir — In reprinting in your number for September a portion of proceed- 

 ings of the Institution of Civil Engineers containing my paper on Sea- Walls, 

 I observe that you have introduced some lettering, in order to simplify the 

 diagrams. It is desirable that it should be explained, that in fig. 4, the 

 letter A, denotes the point below which the stones were liiiilt dry ; and not, 

 as in the other figures, the level of high water of equinoctial spring tides. 



I am, &c., 



\T. J. Macquorn Rankine, 



NOT£S OF THE MOITTH. 



The Chlorides of Gold. — Great diflicully has hitherto occurred in prepar- 

 ing the chloride of gold, of the yellow and red colours, perfectly soluble in 

 water, and without suflTering reduction. The following processes are recom- 

 mended for this purpose : — lu order to prepare the yellow salt of gold, take 

 aqua regia prepared with three parts of hydrochloric acid, one part of nitric 

 acid, and one of distilled water. Then put one part of pure gold into a 

 porcelain capsule with a plate of glass, and heat it in a salt-water bath, the 

 iieat being continued till red vapours cease ; the covei is then to be removed, 

 and if the gold is not entirely dissolved, some aqua regia is to be added to 

 it, the capsule being again covered, the heat is to be continued till vapours 

 cease to appear ; the glass plate must then be removed and replaced by folds 

 of blotting paper, the heat being continued in the bath until a glass rod, 

 upon being immersed in the capsule, becomes covered with yellow solid 

 chloride of gold. The capsule is then to be removed from the salt. water 

 bath, and the chloride of gold soon crystalises in small prismatic crystals, of 

 a fine yellow colour, with an orange tint. The chloride thus obtained is 

 perfectly soluble in water without reduction ; it is successfully employed in 

 daguerreotype and other operations. The red chloride of gold (res-chloride) 

 is prepared in the same manner, except that the aqua regia employed is pre- 

 pared with two parts of hydrochloric, arid one part of nitric acid. The 

 operation is commenced by acting upon gold with excess of aqua regia on a 

 sand bath, the salt-water bath not being used until the gold is entirely dis- 

 solved ; the remainder of the operation is conducted in the same manner as 

 that for the yellow chloride. 



Shot. — In America a new method of making shot has been patented by 

 David Smith, of New York. The plan is to use an iron tube of 50 feet in 

 height, in place of the ordinary towers of 150 feet. By the old process, 

 great height was necessary to enable them to make all sizes of shot, for the 

 reason that the shot must be cooled to a certain point before entering the 

 water receiver below, and it could only be so cooled by contact with the 

 necessary amount of air to which to impart its heat while falling. In the 

 process of Mr. Smith, a current of air is made to ascend the tube by means 

 of an ordinary fan, the amount of air used being in proportion to the size of 

 the shot. By this method the elevation of lead for the largest sizes is 

 reduced 100 feet, the cost of immense towers is dispensed with, and a 

 common sheet-iron tube of about 18 inches diameter made to answer its 

 purpose. 



Iron Buildings for California. — The absence of anything like human shelter 

 in the valley of the Sacramento, and the absolute want of lodging room for 

 the^accommodation of emigrants to San Francisco, has developed a new 

 source of industry in this country — that of the erection of portable iron 

 houses, of various dimensions, to be shipped for California, and which can 

 be completely put up within four days after arriving at the destined spot, 

 and taken to pieces in 24 hours. Several of moderate size have been built in 

 London, and one is just completed in Liverpool, 110 feet long, 30 feet wide, 

 and 20 feet high, which has taken but one month in construction. The 

 framing and foundation are of wood — the covering and roof- being of cor- 

 rugated iron, which gives it a pleasing appearance. At Manchester, some 

 iron cottages are also being constructed for shipment ; they are 20 feet long, 

 10 feet wide, with an arched roof, also of corrugated iron, giving a clear 

 height of 9 feet, and divided into two rooms. Every arrangement is made 

 for light, security, ventilation, and warmth, with a portable cooking appa- 

 ratus. The iron contained in one of those cottages is about 2J tons, and 

 the cost is about 60/,; if lined with wood, 10/. extra is charged. 



