1S44.] 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



143 



likely to be in the slightest degree benefitted by the ecclesiastical 

 mummery now so largely affected, and accompanied with no small 

 share of hypocrisy on the one side, and of stupid credulity on the 

 other. 



SUGGESTIONS CONNECTED WITH THE ANTIQUITIES IN 

 ASIA MINOR. 



[The Government determined in 1S43 to send out a fresh expedi- 

 tion to Asia Minor, under Mr. Fellowes' direction, to procure further 

 marbles, and to investigate more thoroughly the antiquities of the 

 neighbourhood of Xanthus. The Trustees of the British Museum 

 appointed Mr. Hawkins, Jun., to assist Mr. Fellowes in his architec- 

 tural researches among the monuments of the country ; and the 

 Council of the Royal Institute of British Architects having been ap- 

 plied to for instructions and suggestions to aid the travellers in their 

 investigations, Messrs. Donaldson, Vice-President, Angell and Scoles, 

 were requested to draw up a paper on the subject; the following 

 memoranda were furnished to Mr. Hawkins.] 



Most of the [monuments in this country are either of the time of 

 the successors of Alexander, or were erected during the Roman 

 dominion. But if there be any of a remoter period they are of very 

 great interest in connexion with the history of art and the usages of 

 the earlier times. 



Those of the higher antiquity will doubtless be of ruder execution, 

 and the proportions not so graceful as the later ones of the Alexan- 

 drine period. The monuments of this latter epoch will generally be 

 found to be purer in conception and execution than those erected 

 either previously or subsequently; but not so refined as those of 

 Grecia Propna of the time of Pericles. Under the Roman rule the 

 wants and luxurious habits of the people increased, and some of the 

 Roman usages were adopted. In these buildings, therefore, there 

 will be found greater intricacy of plan, and frequently a mixture of 

 brick and stone or of brick and marble construction, and the use of 

 the arch more frequent. Examples of the early use of this important 

 feature will be very interesting. 



The edifices of the ancients in Asia Minor were frequently subor- 

 dinate one to another ; and their Agorfe, Temples, Theatres, Stadia, 

 Gymnasia, &c., form very interesting groups. It should, therefore, be 

 an especial study of the architect in Asia Minor to observe these 

 combinations, and to mark the reference which one building has to 

 another. 



The temples will generally be found to be placed in the centre of a 

 peribolus, which will have the usual propylea. Observe also the cir- 

 cumambient porticos, if any, of the peribolus; whether the inner 

 range of columns, if there be two, be higher than the outer one. 

 Remark, likewise, if there be any arrangement immediately in front 

 of the temple, as for an altar, canopy, pedestals, seats, &c. The in- 

 terior arrangement of the cella will doubtless be found peculiar in 

 some examples, as for instance in that of Apollo Didymeus at 

 Branchydae, near Miletus. There is no complete plan of an Asia 

 Minor temple known; those at Magnesia, Teos, &c., being so encum- 

 bered with ruins as to preclude investigation, without more means 

 for excavation and removal of blocks than usually possessed by or- 

 dinary travellers. 



There are many particulars still" required respecting the ancient 

 theatres, especially as regards the scene, proscenium, pulpitum, or- 

 chestra. For the lower portions of the theatres are generally piled 

 up with the ruins of these parts. Observe whether the floor of the 

 pulpitum be of stone or has been of wood. Remark whether there 

 be any traces of the chambers or recesses for the echeia in the koiAov 

 or cavea as mentioned by Vitruvius — also the decorations of the 

 scene — of how many orders it consisted, whether it had three or five 

 doors, and any subterraneous passages, and how constructed. 



Details of the arrangement of an Agora are desirable, showing the 

 disposition of the shops and general form of the whole, whether 

 square or oblong ? Did there exist honorary pedestals or other monu- 

 ments in the area? Were there two orders of columns one above the 

 other? What temples or other edifices had immediate connexion 

 with the agora? Its propylon — was it traversed by a road ? 



If any roadways still exist, observe whether they are paved with 

 oblong blocks or polygonal stones — are there stepping stones in the 

 streets as at Pompeii ? 



Some of the palestrae, gymnasia or baths were of large proportions, 

 as those of Alexandria Troas, and Ephesus already published. But 

 more particular details of such edifices are required; as not only 

 plans but elevations and sections and mode of construction. 



Remark^also any aqueducts or triumphal arches — take details of 

 tn« water channel or gallery (specus) and observe, if they have any 



coating of a strong stucco or cement, or whether they have merely a 

 natural calcareous deposit resulting from the water itself. 



So complete have been the illustrations of the details of Greek 

 buildings in the several works on Grecian architecture, that mere de- 

 tails of mouldings and parts are now of less consequence, unless 

 there be any striking peculiarity in them. But the general arrange- 

 ment of edifices and the disposition of the halls, porticos, vestibules 

 and various chambers in any group demand the especial attention of 

 the traveller, which should be directed to these desiderata and also 

 to the general plans of cities. The walls, towers and other warlike 

 defences and fortifications may afford great novelty, particularly the 

 entrance gates. 



Sometimes there are burial places outside the torfns at some dis« 

 tance with tombs, sarcophagi and other funeral constructions in a 

 group ; at others these sepulchral erections line the roadways leading 

 to a city. Remark how the summit of the tombs was finished, and 

 whether there be signs of a pedestal or statue on the top. 



C;irefully note all indications of colour on the architecture of thia 

 country — and if possible put at once on the drawing corresponding 

 tints — if not write them down — and try to scrape off some of the 

 colour and preserve it in a packet, carefully inscribed with the name 

 of the monument, date and place whence taken. 



If any temples should be discovered with the columns still standing 

 endeavour to ascertain whether their axes be perpendicular or in- 

 clined either towards the cella or outwards. 



In any cases where it may be practicable to excavate and clear 

 away the accumulated earth from the ruins, care should be taken to 

 note down and observe tlie precise situation of all the fallen blocks, 

 ])reviously to removing any of them, and an endeavour should be 

 made on the spot to design a satisfactory restoration. In some in- 

 stances the ruins of temples may be found prostrated in almost symme- 

 trical order, and the columns, entablatures, pediments and acroterise, 

 may be traced in regular succession. A careful examination of the 

 situation of the fallen masses will also assist materially in ascertaining 

 the causes of the destruction of the edifice, which in many cases will 

 be found to have been occasioned by earthquakes, or by the hands of 

 the conqueror. 



All blocks of an irregular form, and which throw any light as to the 

 construction of the masonry, should be measured, and a perspective 

 sketch made of them, after the mode adopted by Mr. Cockerell, as 

 shown in his contribution to the additional volumes of Stuart's 

 Athens. The mortice holes for the inseition of timbers, cramp holes, 

 the mode of tooling, the manner of working the beds, and all points 

 relative to the construction will be found of great use. Observe also 

 as to the mode supposed to be adopted for raising the masonrv, for 

 instance, the grooves at the ends of blocks or any other similar 

 contrivance. Examine the description of marble or stone, and as- 

 certain, if possible, the quarries from whence it was brought ; these 

 are often in the immediate neighbourhood of the cities and should be 

 visited. Remains of unfinished columns and entablatures may some- 

 times be found in them. Notice the mode adopted by the ancients 

 in disengaging the blocks from the rock — if by wedges, by fire, by 

 sawing, &c. Where practicable, examine the foundations and lower 

 courses of the buildings ; notice the method and age of the con- 

 struction, as it frequently happens that temples (as in the case of the 

 Parthenon) have been erected upon foundations of a prior date to the 

 buildings themselves. Any Cyclopean remains and works of the 

 heroic ages, which may be discovered, should be carefully examined 

 and described as subjects of paramount interest. 



It will sometimes happen that fragments, wanting for the purpose 

 of completing the restoration, may be found built up in an adjoining 

 modern building, or in the walls dividing the fields. 



The forms and construction of modern buildings should not be al- 

 together overlooked. The resemblance between the modern con- 

 structed wood huts and the representation of beams and timbers in 

 several of the ancient monuments is highly curious, and without doubt 

 many ancient forms and modes have been handed down with but 

 trifling alterations from century to century. 



Marble doors are common in Asia Minor in the tombs. The mode 

 of hanging them by pivots or other means should be noticed. 



At Antiphellus are numerous curious tombs — a reservoir, theatre, 

 &c., worthy of a visit and attention. 



Among other indications of the site of an ancient city the exist- 

 ence of wells is often a guide to travellers in their researches. Tanks 

 for the reception of water from the mountains also exist ; and at An- 

 tiphellus (nowCastelarizzo) is a circular reservoir, which also had the 

 advantage of preventing the town below from being inundated. 



Thomas L. Donaldson, V.P., 

 Samuel Angell, 

 J. J. Scoles. 



