324 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



[August, 



Between the flange of the cistern and the upper fliinge of the case, 

 and between the lower flange of the case and the upper flange of tlie 

 receiver, a circuhir plate of gnn-uietal, one inch tliick, is interposed ; 

 and in each plate 1G9 holes are drilled. The tops of the holes in the 

 upper plate are countersunk, lo receive the conical heads of a series 

 of brass tubes, which pass through the two plates. An enlarged view 

 of one of the tubes is represented at fig. 2; they are 12 ft. Sin. long, 

 with a bore of i in., and as thin as a due regard to proper strength will 

 admit. On the lower end of each tube, a brass collar, one inch long, 

 is soldered, having a screw-thread on its exterior, for the reception 

 of a circular brass nut;', over which a leather washer is placed, when 

 the tubes are inserted tlirough the holes in the plates, with their coni- 

 cal heads resting in the couutersunk holes : and then, by screwing up 

 the nuts, the tubes are held firndy in their places : the joints are made 

 water-tight by the application of a composition of white and red lead. 

 The receiver c, has a cast iron bottom, with a brass cock k; for dr.uv- 

 ing off that part of the cooled liquid which remains in the refrigerator 

 alter tlie operation is concluded, and also for drawing off the water 

 afterwards run into the cistern to cleanse the tubes and leceiver. 



The parts I, m, ii, correspond with the parts a, b, c, excepting that 

 the cistern /, has iwo lateral pipes, instead of one, and the receiver 71, 

 only one lateral pipe ^ instead of two. These parts are connected to- 

 gether by a pi-eu,2i inches in bore, with suitable horizontal branches, 

 at tlie inlersections of which a cock ;;, is placed, as shown in section 

 at fig. 1. One of the pipes of the cistern /, is connected by a pipe q, 

 2J inches in bore, with the pipe h, of the receiver c; the remaining 

 pipe of the cistern /, and the pipe d, of the cistern o, are attaclied to 

 the feeding-pipes of the liquid to each cistern. The pipes /, of the 

 receivers, are furnished with cocks, to regulate the flow of liquid 

 through the tubes, so that it may be discharged from the receiver at 

 the required temperature, vvhich can be ascertained bv inserting the 

 bulb of a thermometer through a hole, drilled for that purpose, in 

 each of the discharging pipes t, between the receiver and the cock. 



When the liquid to be cooled is contained in a shallow cooler, com- 

 monly used in breweries and distilleries, the refrigerator is fixed so 

 that the top of ils two cisterns is level with, or a few inches higher 

 than, the upper edge of the side of the cooler: thus preventing llie 

 cisterns (which aie open at the top) from overflowing. Or, where the 

 liquid is contained in a vessel placed higher than the top of the cis- 

 terns, then the cisterns may be prevented from overflowing by a float, 

 acting, by a lever, on a cock or valve in each of their feeding-pipes: 

 the discharging-pipes for the liquid remaining as before described. 

 Or these distharging-pipes may be carried upwards until they reach 

 just above the level of the bottom of the cisterns; and, in tliis case, 

 the flow of liquid through the tubes can be regulated bv a cock, placed 

 in each of the feeding-pipes: the mode of operating will in other 

 respects be the same as described below. 



The following is the mode of operating, when the spigots of the 

 cocks ^j, are turned into a suitable position for causing the water to 

 flow through the cases successively : — The cocks k, in the bottom of 

 the receivers, being closed, a current of cold water is made to flow- 

 through the pipe 0, (entering at the bottom,) and the lovver cock /;, 

 into the case in, until it is full ; then, passing through the upper cock 

 p, and descending through the pipe <>, it enters the case b, and ascends 

 therein until that is also filled ; it then flows out through the lateral 

 pipe at the top of the case i, into the pipe 0, again, and is earned 

 away. The current being thus established through both cases, and the 

 feeding-pipe of the cistern /, being plugged up, the liquid (0 be cooled 

 is caused to run in a small stream through the other feeding-pipe into 

 the cistern a; it then descends through the lubes in the case i, into 

 the receiver c, from which it ascends through the pipe y, into the cis- 

 tern /, and thence descends through the tubes in the case m, into the 

 receiver n : thus the two sets of tubes and the pipe <j, will be full of 

 the liquid. The cock of the feeding-pipe is then opened to its full 

 extent, and the discharging cock of the receiver n, is opened more or 

 less, throughout the operation, until the liquid is discharged through 

 it at tlie rtquired temperature. 



When either of the cases b, m, with their appendages, are used 

 separately, tlie spigot of the upper cock /;, is turned into a suitable 

 position tor causing the water to be carried away, after it has passed 

 through One of the cases, instead of running down the pipe 0, to the 

 other case; and the pipe y, as wM as the feeding-pipe of the cistern 

 ■which is not to be used, is jilugged up. 



If both cases are to be used at the same time, but for cooling diffe- 

 rent liquids, the spigots of the cocksy;, are turned into such a position 

 as to close that part of the pipe u, uhieli is between them, and to 

 divide the current of water, entering at the lower end of the pipe 0, 

 into two parts ; one p:irt flowing into and out of the case i, and the 

 other part into and out of the case in. The pipe q, must be plugged 

 up; the feeding-pipe to each cistern opened ; and the discharging. 



cock attached to each receiver must be used lo discharge the liquid 

 therefrom. 



The patentee states, that by means of this refrigerator the liquid 

 may be cooled from any degree of temperature below its boiling point 

 to nearly the temperature of (he cold water employed in the process. 

 Where a very large quantity of liquid is required to be cooled, it is 

 preferable, instead of immoderately increasing the number and length 

 of the tubes in each case, to connect two or more of the above-described 

 refrigerators by proper feeding and discharging pipes. A cylindri- 

 cal case, of an inner diameter of 12 inches, will contain 127 tubes, 

 of half-an-inch bore ; and where the diameter is 15 inches, the num- 

 ber may be increased to 217. 



WATKR rROOFlNU COTTONS. 



Charles Townend, of Manchester, fustian manufacturer, for " ail 

 I mpro red process or manufacture, mliertby cotton fabrics are aided aiid 

 made repellent to water and mildew, and any unpleasant smell is pre- 

 vented in suck fabrics." — Granted March li ; Enrolled May G, 1814. 



This invention consists of making a solution for rendering "beaver- 

 teens" and other cotton fabrics repellent to water and mildew ; for this 

 purpose the patentee lakes the following proportions for a piece of 

 goods 60 yards long, 27 inches wide, and weight 401b. 



20 lb. calcined British gum mixed with 8 gallons of cold water 

 untd fine and pasty. 



10 lb. of palm or white soap dissolved in 8 gallons of boiling water. 



Mix the two solutions together, and add one jiint of logwood liquor. 



The whole is then to be boiled together, to which is to be added 

 another solution consisting of 3 lb. rock alum dissolved in one gallon 

 of water. The three mixtures when added together are allowed lo 

 boil for a few minutes, when it is ready for use. 



In this mixture the fabric is steeped in tlie usual manner of stiffen- 

 ing cotton fabrics. 



The patentee proposes another method, by first steeping the cloth 

 in a solution of 6 lb. of sulphate of zinc dissolved in 9 gallons of water, 

 and afterwards dijipnig the cloth in the above mixture of gum and 

 soap, to which is added i of an ounce of pearlash instead of the alum. 



EXPOSITION DE L'lNDUSTRIE FRANCAISE. 



Knowing the earnest desire of the scientific public for information, 

 and the interest which attaches to French ingenuity and mechanical 

 skill, we have availed ourselves of the valuable reports of M. Burat, 

 C.E., to give an account of some of the most remarkable and interest- 

 ing objects exhibited at the recent Exposition de I'lndustrie Francaise, 

 at P.iris. A feature quite novel to us is the number of turbines exhi- 

 bited, a class of machine, of which, we believe, no specimen exists in 

 England, and of vvhich the only description is a slight sketch by Mr. 

 George Rennie, C. E., who has not, however, introduced any mention 

 of it in his edition of Buchanan's Millwork. In France, however, we 

 suppose that at least a hundred must be now in operation, and they 

 must undoubtedly be successful, or they would not so early have se- 

 cured the patronage of a class so prejudiced as the French millers. 

 Another subject selected by us for the present occasion, is an im- 

 provement on Edwards's Expansion Slide Valve, and we shall continue 

 from time to time to give an account of such other machines as may 

 prove most useful or interesting to our readers. 



Hydraulic Machines. 

 Not the least interesting section of the Exposition was that devoted 

 to hydraulic apparatus. The rapporteur, in introducing the subject, 

 say, "Many people imagine that the first cost and fitting up an hy- 

 draulic motor are less than tlio.se of a steam engine. What has had a 

 great influence in propagating this error has been that the establish- 

 ment of hydraulic motors generally took place under such unfavour- 

 able conditions, and on such a defective system, that the first expense 

 was diminished at the expense of the power of which only a third or 

 fourth was utilized. When, however, we calculate, beyond the pur- 

 chase of the right of water and the adjoining ground, the construction 

 of dams, head of water, mill race, and wheel well made, we shall find 

 that for an equal amount of power, the fitting up of a steam engine is 

 less expensive. The advantage, however, of hydraulic motors is, that 

 though the cost of i-stablishment may be considerable, the cost of 

 maintenance is next to nothing, and the charge only the interest of the 

 money laid out." It is calculated that the ;miount of water power 

 utilized in the factories of France is equal to 20,000 h. p., though 

 from the bad construction of the machinery it is supposed to be un- 

 der estimated, and that the real power of the water is at least double. 



