18-15.] 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



55 



TlicmixHirp of ore am! carbonacooiis matter is from time (o time turned 

 over till llic iron is melled. and biith are then norkid together in llie usual 

 way. TIh' process is similir to that described by Mr- William Neale Clay, 

 ill tlie speeilication of Iiis patent for improvements in the manufacture of 

 iron, enrolled the 30lh September, l&IO, but the proportions I use vary from 

 17 up to (but not including) 28 jier cent, in weight of carbonaceous niattor to 

 tlie ore or oxide, aecordinp; to circumstances, wliilst his invention is confined 

 to combining carljouaccous matters in quantities not less than 28 per cent, by 

 weight of the iron oies employed. 



The proportionate weights of carbonaceous matter and ore or oxide which 

 within the limits above named, the inventor uses, depend upon the qiianiity 

 of carbon or oxygen they respectively contain, the description of pig iron 

 used with thorn, and the relative proportions of pig iron to the mixture; he 

 has found the follo«ing proportions give very excellent quality and yield of 

 iron— to 1480 lb. of No. 4 pig iron, the inventor ailds 841b. of Lancashire 

 hematileore pulverized, and mixed with 201b. of powdered coke. 



If No. 1 pig iron be used a still less proportion of carbonaceous matter 

 will Juffice, but if the charge of pig No. 4 be reduced to 420, and the ore in- 

 creased lol8l)lb. the coKe should be 481b. The inventor does not limit 

 Iiimself to the definite quantities, nor llie precise proportions of iron, carbon- 

 aceous matter, and oxide heic given, as they will necessarily dilTer according 

 to circumstances, but as a general principle, if the pig iron to be used be of a 

 very lUiid or highly carburetted description, sueli as is generally designated 

 as No. 1 in the tr.ade, tlien the proportion of carbonaceous matter to roll 

 scale, red ore, or other oxide of iron, should be proporlially less than if w bite 

 or plate iron be employed, and the proportion of carbonaceous matter should 

 vary according to the relative proportion of ore or oxide used wi:h the pig 

 iron, it being advisable to use a larger relative quantity of carbonaceous 

 matter with the ore or oxide w hen the pig is comparatively reduced in weight 

 than when more pit; is used ; it may also I c .added ;hat when the mixture 

 amounts in weight to one- fourth of the weight of pig iron charged, the mix- 

 ture should be introduced into the furnace sooner than the pig iron, and 

 turned over until it beginsl to adhere to the workman's " rabble" or tool, 

 when the pig may be charged, but smaller proportions charged with the 

 pig iron will generally come round by the time it is melted. The iiivenlor 

 does not prefer in any case introducing the mixture after the pig iron. The 

 second improvement consists in the addition of clay, argillaceous ironstone, 

 or other substance containing alumina to those ores or oxides which manu- 

 factured by the aid of carbonaceous matter into malleable iron in revurbera- 

 tory furnaces, produce iron of the quality usually denominated red-sbnrt. 

 The clay or other substance to boused should, like the ores and carbonaceous 

 matter, be ground fine and dried before mixing, and a larger ndative propor- 

 tion of carbonaceous matter to a given quantity of ore should be employed 

 than if no clay were added, as the clay in addition to its capability when 

 fused, of taking up some of the carbon, will by diminishing the contact of 

 the carbonaceous matter with the ore or oxide, prevent so complete a decom- 

 position as would otlier»ise take place, so that generally more than 28 per 

 cent, ol carbonaceous matter will be required to the ore when clay is used- 

 The proportion of clay to be used will vary with the nature of the ores em- 

 ployed, but from 4 to lU per cent- in weight of the ore employed w ill sufTice 

 with the Lancashire hematile ores. If too large a quantity of clay be used 

 the tap cinder will be very sluggish, and that ball when under the hammer 

 will emit continued showers of darkish red cinder sjiarks, and if too little be 

 added the iron will retain some of its red-short quality. The inventor has 

 found the ground-fire clay from \Vorsley, near Leeds, very suitable as a sub- 

 stance for effecting this improvement. The last impro.emcnt consists in com- 

 bining a portion of the tap or flue cinder of puddling or ball furnaces wiih a 

 portion of clay, chalk, carbonaceous matter, and rich iron ore, or some of 

 these substances, and manufacturing them either with or without pig or re- 

 fined iron, in reverberating furnaces, into malleable iron. The same process 

 of pulverizing, drying, and mixing the several materials, as well as their 

 treatment in the furnace, as before described, must in this case be pursued. 



To 150 lb. of tap cinder containing 71 per cent, of protoxide of iron, add 

 150 lb- of Lancashire hematile ore, 201b. of ground Worsley fire clay, 201b, 

 of chalk, and 100 lb- of coke dusl- 



The inventor does not however limit himself to these or to any proportions 

 of the constituents, when tap or flue cinder are employed as above, nor does 

 he necessarily use iron ore with the cinder, though it is more advantageous 

 to do so. 



The inventor docs not claim to have discovered the manufacture of malle- 

 able iron in reverbcratory furnaces, either with or without a portion of pig, 

 or scrap, or refined iron, nor the advantage of pulverizing the ores and car- 

 bonaceous matter, but he claims as his first improvement the manufacture in 

 revcrberatory furnaces ill manner hereinbefore mentioned of malleable iron, 

 by means of ores and carbonaceous matter mixed in proportions, limited as 

 before, defined and combined with a portion of pig or refined iron. 



In his second improvement he does not claim to h.ave discovered the ad- 

 vantage of using a portion of clay or argillaceous iron stone in the manufac- 



ture of iron, from certain ores, that having long been done in the manufac- 

 ture of pig iron from such ores, buthe claims the use of clay as an iiigre i 

 to be employed in a pulverized state, mixed with certain ores and carbon- 

 aceous matter, also pulverized for the manufacture, both with and williout 

 pig or rrfined iron, of malleable iron in revcrberalory furnaces. 



Ill his last improvement he does not claim to have first applied a portion 

 of tap or flue cinder, or other silicate of oxide of iron with lime or carbonate 

 of lime and rich iron ore, cliy, and carbonaceous matier, all ihese have been 

 long used in the manufac.ure of pig iron, but he claims the manufacture of 

 malleable iron from the cumbination of those substances, pulverized (both 

 with and without pig or refined iron in revcrberatory furnaces^ as before 

 decribed. 



ELECTRIC TELIlGRAPII. 



Hf-nrv IIuiGirroN, of Rugby, Warwick, Master of Arts, Clerk, for " cvrlnin 

 Improvements in electric le!egrapl(S.''—Gr»nled July 10, 1844; Knrollcd Jan. 

 10, 1845. 



The object of the invention is to adapt a system of telegraphing to common 

 or fnctional electricity. l''or this purpose the inventor uses an Armstrong's 

 liylro-electiic or oilier powerful electric machine, and with it charges a 

 Lcyden battery. He employs an instrument, difl'cient modifications of \s liich 

 are described in the specification, and Hhich regulates the number of dis- 

 cbarges sent, the intervals of time at which they are sent, and the nature of 

 the discharge, that is to say. positive or negative, lie shows that in 10 dis- 

 charges any one of a number of more tluin 16,0CJ0 signals may be made, or in 

 30 discbarges any one of more than 1000 millions if necessary. 



The method of observing tlie signals at the place to which they are sent 

 is by means of two wires, llie one communicating with the place from which 

 the signals are made and the oiher with the earth, which are placed perpen- 

 dicularly to a sheet of paper or similar substance, « bicli is moved along by 

 clock work, so that each discharge sludl pass over the surface and through 

 the substance of the paper, making a hi le close to the «ire from wliich the 

 negative electricity proceeds. This paper is coloured with cliromate of lead, 

 which is easily decomposed l.y the electric spark, and moistened, if necessary, 

 witli sulphuric acid to facilitate the passage of the spsrk. Thus the sparks 

 leave on the pajicr a kind of printed register of the signals which liave been 

 made. Otlur methods of observing and registering the signals are described, 

 where the electricity, alter having traversed a great distance, is too weak to 

 protluce the ell'ects just described. 



GOLD PAINT. 



Henry Besse.mee, of Baxter House, St. Pancras, in the county of Middlesex, 

 engineer, for " a new pigment or paint, and the method of prepariyt^ the same ; 

 part of which method is also applicable to tlie preparing arid treating of oils, tuv' 

 peiitine, varnishes, and gold size, when employed to Jix metallic particles and metal 

 leaf or as a means of protecting the same.'' — Granted Jan. 13; Enrolled July, 

 13, 1841.— (Reported in the London Journal.) 



The new paint, which constitutes the chief part of this invention, is made 

 by mixing metallic powders, (known as bronze powder,) with gum-resins, oil, 

 and turpentine, in such proportions as to form a fluid, capable of being used 

 in the same way as oil paint. 



The following is the mode of preparing the paint : — Into a copper or other 

 vessel placed over a brisk fire, 8 pounds of gum copal are thrown, and the 

 heat is so regulated that the gum will fuse in about 20 minutes. An addition 

 is then made of '3 gallons of drying linseed oil, heated to nearly the boiling 

 point ; the oil being introduced in small quanlitics, and the mixture well 

 stirred up. The mixture is now boiled for about two hours (skimming oil' any 

 impurities that may arise); after which it is allowed to cool to 150" Fahr., 

 and 25 gallons of turpentine, healed to 150° Fahr., are slowly introduced, 

 and thoroughly incorporated with the mixture, by stirring ; 1 gallon of slaked 

 lime, or other alkaline matter, is then added, and the mixture allowed to rest 

 for three days. M'hen this time has expired, the fluid portion of the mixture 

 is drawn oft" from the lime, which will have subsided, and is then mixed with 

 the metallic powder, in the proportion of five parts, by weight, of fluid, to four 

 parts of powder. The metallic powders preferred by the patentee, are those 

 manufactured by the process for which he obtained a previous patent. 



That part of this invention which is "applicable to the preparing and 

 treating of oils, turpentine, varnishes, and gold size, when employed to fix 

 metallic panicles and metal leaf, or as a means of protecting the same," con- 

 sists in neutralizing the acids that are combined with those materials, by the 

 use of lime or other suitable alkaline matier. 



The acids in gold size, and such varnislies as are employed to fix metallic 

 powders and metal leaf in japanning, paper staining, painting, &c-, are neu- 

 tralized in the following manner : — One pound of slaked lime is ground, by 

 means of a mullar, with as much of the gold size or varnish as will reduce it 

 to the consistence of ordinary oil paint, and this mixture is added to the gold 

 size or varnish, in suitable proportions for neutralizing the acids contained 

 therein. In treating oils, turpentine, or such varnishes as may be used to 



