l.S-15.] 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL 



213 



invert, abutting beams and counter-arches is complete in itself, the 

 ground being backed agiiinst the counter-arches as the work rises, 

 the shoring would come out, and be sent on for use in the forward 

 benches. 



To relieve the work from water, a drain being run along over the 

 middle of the inverts, or sidi'-dr^iins being passed by ring culverts 

 through the buttresses, drain-shafts are carried up at the backs (jf the 

 buttresses against the springings of the counter-arches, to within a 

 few feet of the surface. These shafts being steined with oiien joints 

 at intervals to admit drainage water and comnuinieating with the 

 drains below, would prevent the possibility of water lodging or ac- 

 cumulating about the backs of the counter-arches, or even in the 

 ground itself. 



The following estimates give the cost of forming 7 yards forward 

 of an open cla'v cutting, r>5 feet deep to tlii' level of the rails, with 

 slopes at Si to'l and from a base 33 feet wide, at 2 feet beU.w the 

 surface of the rails— and of the cost of constructions as above described 

 and shown in the diagrams. Fair average prices are taken on each 

 side ; the earthwork in the heading, where the sides are to be retained, 

 is taken at a higher price than that in the open cutting with slopes, 

 with a further charge for the setting, striking and use of shoring. 

 Contingencies are not charged upon either mode of operation, because 

 they may not be pre-supposed greater in the one than in the other. 



WITH CONSTRUCTIONS. 



WITH SLOPES. 



39*3 perchf s of land, \ «« 

 at iflliO |ier acre . . / ^^ 



10,44^^ cubic yards"! 

 of earthwork, at U. \ 609 

 3d. per yard ..j 



"■(i4 perches of land, at 160/. per acre. . 

 753 cubic yards of earthwork in open T 



cutting above the top of construe- > 



lions, at Is. 2d. per yard . . . . J 

 1720 ditto ditto in heading, alls, Gd.\ 



per yard . . . . . . J 



10 ditto clay punned at back of side \ 



wails, at Is. 3d. per yard .. i 



86 ditto strong gravel ditto, at 38. 6d. 



per yard 

 18 rods 184 feet supsrHciul reduced y^ 



stock brickwork, nt 12/. per rod 

 224^ feet extra to brickwork in cement, 



at bt. per rod 

 ISOi feet ditto for picked bricks and in \ 



cement, at It. per rod . . . . J 



311 feet ditto labour to skew-backi 



Id. per foot 

 16 yards ditto rendering in cement back \ 



of drain shafts, at 28. 6d. per yard. . J 

 77ft. 7 in. cube stone in coping, includ- \ 



itig labour and setting, at 6s. per foot i 

 7 yards forward setting, striking, and \ 



use of shoring, at .1/. per yard .. / 



Setting, striking, and use of moulds \ 



and centres . , . . • , / 



43 18 6 



129 



12 6 

 15 1 



224 2 



4 10 



3 12 



1 6 



2 

 23 6 6 

 21 



6 



481 

 Difference, 32i per cent., or nearly one- "1 ,.^ ,. ^ 

 third, in favour of constructions .. / 



£(iM 15 



If the suggested constructions can thus he applied to cuttings with 

 advantage, they may be held also to render embankments safer by 

 diminishing their height; for the 32a per cent, saved in the cutting 

 may be applied to make it deeper, and so to diminish the adjacent 

 embankment. Where an embankment would be made 30 feet high 

 out of a cutting of similar depth, the latter may be made 65 feet deep 

 and the former reduced thereby to 35 feet high and for the same 

 money at most. 



In the comparatively shallow cutting between Camden Town and 

 Euston Square, before referred to, a length of 24 feet forward of the 

 retaining walls on both sides, as originally built, and where the heigh t 

 i« 20 feet, contains very nearly 17 rods of brickwork ; whereas per- 

 manently effective constructions of the kind above described (tigs. 7 

 and 8^, with central piers in continuation of those which already exist 

 for the hrirlges and galleries, would require, in the same length, less 

 than lOj rods, or about §ths of the former quantity. 



Observations. 

 General Pasley stated, that the principle advocated by Professor 

 Hosking, had already been put into practici; by Mr. A. J. Adie, in the 

 Chorley cutting, on the Bolton and Preston Railway. It is about GO 

 feet deep (ligs. 9, 10, and 11) ; cut through sand, which though dry at 

 the summit, became wet and silty near tiie level of the forming. lu 

 the sand there existed large masses of clay which, after exposure to 

 the weather, split from the top to the bottom. Fearing lest an 

 ordinary wall might be forced forwards by this expansive action, 

 and wishing to avoid the expense of a very thick wall, Mr. Adie 

 introduced a series of arches or struts, traversing the railway at inter- 

 vals of 15 feet from centre to centre. These struts consisted of two 

 arches of rubble and rough ashlar ma>onry, placed back to back (figs. 

 9 and 11). The lower arch springing (foin the side walls, at a height 



of 11 ft. 4 in., and rising to 15 feet in the centre. The thickness of 

 the arches at the centre, where they combined and were formed for 

 some distance on either si<le, by the same stones, tvas 12 inches, with 

 a course of rough flag stones laid upon the strut to keep the joints 

 dry. The retaining walls were 3 ft. 9 in. thick at the bottom, vertical 

 behind, but battering on the face to 2 feet in tliickni'ss at the top. 

 The back buttresses were parallel and projected 2 ft, G in. The walls 

 were built upon a layer of engiui! cinders, which Mr. Adie preferred 

 to concrete, and which he had found of great assistance in construc- 

 tions in wet situations. 



Captain Vetch said he was sure, that Professor Hosking would be 

 gratified to learn, that his view had been already tested by a surcess- 

 ful experiment in a cutting near the village of Moscley, on the line of 

 the Birmingham and Gloucester Railwiy. The average depth of the 

 cutting was about 30 feet, with firm gravel and dry sand at the top, 

 which became wet below, and terminated in a quicksand at the level 

 of the line of the railway, — The cutting was accordingly made and 

 the sides left rough, and at as great an inclinulion as the nature of the 

 ground would admit of; when the period approached for opening the 

 railway, no definite arrangement about a tunnel having been made, it 

 wasdeemed provident to t)e prepared for such a work ; Captain Vetch 

 consequently proposed to Captain Moorsom, the engineer, and which 

 met with bis cimcurrence, that at every 15 feet, a rib, or inverted arch 

 of brickwork (figs. 12, 13, and 14), should be thrown across under the 

 railway, and then to carry up, on the ends of these inverts, |)rojccting 

 buttresses with a curved batter; each pair of buttresses, on the same 

 side of the way, to be connected by a concave retaining wall, abutting 

 against them and each opposite pair of buttresses conn>cted by mutual 

 support by a flying buttress, thrown across and over the railway. This 

 construction aflxirded complete security to the slopes, and was exe- 

 cuted at a moderate expense ; it was, however, deemed prudent to 

 conduct the concave side walls completely over the top and to make 

 them abut on the flying buttresses, and so to form a complete tunnel 

 at a very small expense; the buttresses, arches, and counter-arches, 

 were all about 2i feet square and the concave wall and roofing were 

 only 9 inches thick, but were backed with a little concrete. 



ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS, ROYAL ACADEMY. 



Second Notice. 



Though such intention was not expressed, our readers probably 

 look for our continuing our remarks on the architectural subjects, since 

 we have not yet made any mention at all of one or two which are 

 foremost in merit. Still it does not exactly follow that we should do 

 so now, for we might imitate the example of some other critics, who 

 have dispatched their notices of this department of the exhibition 

 very hurriedly indeed, not only omitting several of the most important 

 subjects of all, but merely copying from the catalogue the titles of 

 the few which they have so distinguished. The Jiri Union has this 

 year flung architecture all but completely overboard, after having fur 

 two preceding seasons devoted f.ir more attention to it than it had 

 ever done before. In fact, a decided change has of late come over 

 that journal, as far as architecture is concerned. The brief half 

 column allotted to " Architecture" at the Exhibition appears to 

 have been furnished by the same writer as criticized the pictures. 

 That he observes little of what is going on in the architectural 

 world, is evident enough from his complete silence in regard to 

 everyone of the designs for the "Choristers' School at Oxford," 

 the competition for which made some noise at the time, and drew 

 down many severe and indignant reflections, both upon the committee 

 aud the author of the design selected by them. How truly they de- 

 served the strong censure they incurred we know not ; we only know 

 that they have not even attempted to exculpate themselves, but have 

 maintained a dignified and certainly most convenient silence. Perhaps 

 their best and and fairest exculpation is furnished by Mr. Derick's 

 design (No 1220), which certainly is an admirable one — and a charm- 

 ing drawing to boot, prepared, we presume, expressly for the exhibi- 

 tion, and not one of those sent in to the committee. Yet excellent as 

 it is of its kind, this design is hardly of the kind any one would ven- 

 ture to offer in public competition, unless he had good reason to think 

 that such treatment of the subject would be approved of, so dissimilar 

 is it from a modern composition, where, though irregularity and 

 the picturesque variety ari>ir]g from it may he afl'ected, it is usual 

 to observe as much continuity of mass and of frontage as possible. 

 Here, on the contrary, the School and the Master's Residence, &c., 

 constitute two separate buildings quite distinct in character, attached 



28 



