51)0 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



December, 



NOTE ON ATMOSPHERIC TRACTION. 



On le-examiniiiK the papers which appeiiied in this Journal last month. 

 estimiitinK the loss of power on Atmospheric Railways from the prelirai- 

 Barv exiiaustion, I find two numerical errors, which, thougli of little con- 

 seuiience as regards the general result, had better be noticed for the 

 informaliou of those who have sufficient industry to go over the arithmetica 

 computaliou indicated. 



The numerical values of log 79 and log 3, have been given to the base 

 10, instead of base e, making the two necessary alterations, it will be 

 found that tlie expression marked (8) becomes 19,138,419. Hence the 

 power lost =:G,4C0.224 which is rather more tlian I (irst estimated to be. 

 This makes the loss almost 34 per cent : it was before staled to be rather 

 more than 33 per cent. 



If we suppose the whole of the branch pipe made available for the pur- 

 pose of loconio'.ion, we shall find for the expression marked (7) the amount 

 7,580,014 and (8) and (0) become 19,714,129 and 15,173,229 respectively. 

 Kence supposing the whole of the branch pipe made use of, the loss inde- 

 pendently of leakage and friction, is rather more than 23 per cent. ; out it 

 must be added that the supposition makes the loss less than it could pos- 

 sibly be in practice. 



Perhaps it would be more accurate to call this loss not " loss of power" 

 but " power uselessly expended." It is employed in constantly altering 

 the constituent arrangement of the molecules of air among themselves. The 

 action of the air pump is to alternately draw apart, and bring together 

 the particles of the air « ithin il, and these operations absorb part of the 

 force exerted. 



The fo'lowing are familiar instances of the loss sustained by communi- 

 cating power by an elastic medium. 



If a min raise a weight by an elastic string, he has to stretch the string 

 before he can raise the weight. The longi r the string the greater the 

 additional labor required. By analogy, the longer tlie atmospheric main, 

 the greater is the amount of power lost. 



If a weight be raised by a flexible lever, — for instance, if a fire bestirred 

 by an elastic poker, a great proportion of the muscular ell'ort is absorbed 

 in bending the instrument. 



In a Bramah's press the work required to produce a given effect would 

 be enormously increased, if air were pumped into the machine instead of 

 water. 



H. C. 



NEV/ CHURCHES. 



Holy Trinity, Haibonic, Slaffoulshire, is an odious structure rendered 

 at once offensive by pretence, and ridiculous by failure. The sprawling 

 nave and transepts, the mis-proportioned tower and spire, and the little 

 apsidal chancel (which is about the depth of a buttress), and the whole 

 stuck over with pinnacles' — what shall we say of them? — ihey are quite in 

 character in a new church. The style, we scarcely need say, is Early 

 English. 



S.—Hundsicorth, Staffordshire, is a trifle better in plan, having no 

 transepts and more of a chancel; but in detail is as bad as can be. A had 

 Early English building with a bad Perpendicular east window; a bad 

 early tower with bad late buttresses will be allowed to merit condemna- 

 tioi). The modern "Olothick" buildings of this neighbuiirhood really 

 make one regret that their architects have wandered beyond their proper 

 pro\iuce of Anglican paganism. It is a consolation, however, to know 

 that Pilr. Carpenter is gaining a name here. 



S. , Oldbury, Worcestershire. — We. wish we knew the name of the 



architect who is answerable for this design : he really ought either to be 

 tixed for a week iu the stocks, iu vievv of lus own church ; or else never to 

 be allowed to meddle again with ecclesiastical work. High red brick 

 walls and low roofs, overgrown couplets all down the sides and triplets 

 placed about anywhere in the ends, an Early English whole, with Per- 

 pendicular details, sufficiently demo.nstrate his incompetence to build a 

 church. 



S. , Kitigsuood, Walton-on-the-HiU, Surrey. — A Norman build- 

 ing; as bad as anything cau be. The nortli side has a series of sham 

 windows. 



iS. John Erangclist, Clnpham Rise, Surrey. — This is a pagan structure, 

 and therefore beyond our province ; but we notice it with a view to expose 

 the aboiniiiuble arrangement of the altar. \Ve have said the structure is 

 pagan, and our readers will have already concluded for themselves that its 

 blreet-froiit is adorned with a tetrastyle |)orlico. Now it happens that this 

 front faces the east, and some of the subscribers to the building were 

 actually old fashioned enough to desire that the altar should be placed 



towards that quarter. In order to cb'ain loth uneastirn portico and an 

 eastern altar the fuUouing arrangement is adopted. The main doorway is 

 formed in the middle of the front under tlie portico; by this, access is 

 obtained not to the navi — to apply church language to a heathen building — 

 but to tlie large gallery which runs completely round the chuicli. On the 

 inside of the door north aid south spring staircases, which embrace as it 

 were with their crooked arms a spacious chamber, fenced at the sides by 

 the stair walls and covered at the top by the organ and seats for children. 

 This chamber is the vestry, and a very luxurious one it is. Outside its 

 western partition is placed the altar, in a chancel formed by two pilasters 

 supporting the organ. This chancel is about the smallest we have seen. 

 It is less than three feet deep, so that an easy " altar-chair" placed against 

 the eastern wall projects in;o the nave ! The only article in the place 

 which bears any reseiiibhince to church furniture is the clerk's desk. This 

 is something like a simple lettern; hut it certainly struck us as a little cruel 

 that, while the reader and the preacher have each their snug box respect- 

 ively, like a cellaret and a wine-cooler, the poor responser, who has never 

 been taught what to do with liis hands in company, should be exposed in 

 plain clothes to the criticism of so large and so well dressed a congrega- 

 tion. — Ecclesinlogist, 



CHURCH RESTORATION!. 



iS. Mary, Morpeth. — From the chancel have been ejected the high pues 

 and the gallery, which usurped the place of the rood-loft ; and double 

 rows of benches erected lor the choir. The walls have been freed from 

 whitewash and plaster, preparatory we hope to the introduction of dis- 

 temper painting, A new roof has been put up, of the original pitch, 

 covered with lead, aud terminating iu a gable cross. The lloor of the 

 sacrarium is laid with encaustick tiles with good effect. In the nave open 

 sittings are substituted for about one half of the clo'ie pues. Lettern and 

 litany desks (from the Instrunwiita Ecclesiustica) are used. The font is 

 removed to its proper place. The church-yard cross, we are glad to say, 

 is restored. U e wish the energeiick rector God speed in his labours. 



.S'. UlitJ'iird, Durham, has bean altered for the worse. Doors aud 



blue cushions decked with scarlet tape, make the pues more offeusive than 

 before. However, the old font has been brought back to the church 

 from the squire's llower-gardeu, where we trust the font lately used has 

 not taken its place. This church alloids an example of the nionstrousness 

 of the monument system. The greater part of the south transept is railed 

 off for a tomb. 



S.Andrew's Cathedral, Wells. — Commendable vigour is displayed ia 

 the works, which when completed we hope to describe in detail. The 

 scraping is carried on with zeal throughout the nave, while the west-end 

 and the roof are being painted. The tablets are all remoied into the clois- 

 ters. We cannot suflicieutly praise the complete, the faithful character 

 whicii marks the attempt to restore this glorious cathedral ; nevertheless 

 we watch with extreme anxiety the proposed alteration of the stdlls. 

 Funds are said to be wanting; but we will never believe that the men of 

 Somersetshire, where church restoration has made as great advances as in 

 any part of the kingdom, will withhold their contributions now, when it is 

 in their power to make their mother-church the glory of the laud. Why 

 are not collections made iu every church in the diocese towards the resto- 

 ration of the cathedral ? Why should the poor be debarred the privilege of 

 offering out of their little for the honour of God's House? 



S. Mary, ]\cst Lydford, Somersetshire. — A small Perpendicular churcU 

 has lately been taken down, and built again upon the old foundations and 

 after the original design. Such a plan, if not ingenious, is at least safe. 

 The architect employed was Mr. Ferry. How many cathedrals, churches, 

 chapels, we wonder would satiate a first rate London architect? or is his 

 willingness to undertake jobs absolutely illimitable! There is need here of 

 reform. 



iS'(. Peter, Evercreech, Somersetshire. — It is most annoying to learn. 

 that in a church where so much has of late years been dune, and well 

 done, as in Evercreech, the authorities should shew themselves so desti- 

 tute of taste as to nut up iu the newly erected south aisle, a gallery to 

 match the one constructed in the north aisle, in 1825. Save in these 

 galleries, there are no pews in the church. The font aud the pulpit 

 were carved by tlie hand of a former incumbent. The chancel roof is 

 painted or, azure, and gules. This parish is fortunate in retaining a fair 

 village cross. We would suggest to the parishioners the wisdom of set- 

 ting the fine old church of St. Peter free from the disfigurement of gal- 

 leries, and erecting a chapel of ease in a convenient situation, for the 

 accomodation of the large population. In such a case, perhaps, as the 

 mother church is St. Peter's, the chapel might be oousecrateu under the 

 invocation of St. Paul. 



St. Giles, Little Malvern, Worcestershire. — We are glad to find that 

 steps are being takeu for the restoration of this beaut. ful church. \1 e arc 

 informed by a circular that — '-The nave has altogether disappeared, the 

 transepts and side chapels are in a ruined and dismantled state, while 

 the tower and chancel, which are alone available for Divine worship 

 although comparatively iu a sound and good condition, are most la- 

 mentably disiigured by injudicious repairs, mutilations, and neglect. As 

 a step towards the complete restoration of this church, it is proposed to 

 put the substantial part of the fabrick into a perfect state of repair, to 



