THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND AKCHITECPS JOURNAL. 



Ian, 



-louse; tlie puinps rest upon tlie p'atforin lieneuth and opposite tlie 

 ciiclies, and llieir heads come througli tlie fluor alluded to, and stand 

 uDtiut 3 feet above its level : into the canal thus formed between the 

 engine-house and the outer wall, the water from the pumps is dis- 

 cliarged, and flows off' on either side of the boiler house, through sluice 

 gates, into the canals conducting to the sea sluices. 



Tlie great cost of the buildings for whatever description of ma- 

 chinery might have been employed, rendered it an object of consider- 

 Hble importance to lessen this expense by concentrating the power to 

 drain the lake in three engines; in addition to which a considerable 

 saving in the wages of enginemen, stokers, and others is effected, as 

 these large engines require very little more atteiidaiice than an ordi- 

 nary mine engine; this is an important feature in the economy of the 

 charge for the permanent drainage of the "Polder," which will be 

 formed by the bed of the lake. 



The average consumption of the ordinary land-draining engines 

 applied to scoop wheels and Arcliimedean screws, may be taken at 

 15 lb. of coal per net horse poinr per hour ; tliis quantity will be greatly 

 reduced if the horses power of the engim s be calculated by the pres- 

 sure of the steam on the pistons, and not by the net delivery of the 

 water; in a case where the water delivered by a large steam engine 

 working a scoop wheel, was measured during eight hours, the engine 

 was found to exert a ntt f<irce of 73 horses' power during the first 

 hour, with a consumption of 15 lb. of coals per 7i£/ horse power ; as 

 the lift increased the power diminished, and the consumption of fuel 

 increased, until at the eighth hour it was found that the engine only 

 exerted a net force of 33 horses' power, and consumed 24 lb. of coal 

 per ntt horse power per hour. The consumption of fuel by the Leegh- 

 water is 2Jlb. of coals per horse power per hour when working with 

 a net effective power of 350 horses. 



No new jrfticiple has been developed in the Leeghwater, but im- 

 portant facts have been demonstrited, which must have an immense 

 influence on the progress of agricultural hydraulic engineering: it has 

 proved that with proper attention to well-known principles, steam 

 engines of the very largest class (the Leeghwater is believed to be 

 the largest and must powerful land-engine ever constructed), may be 

 employed to raise great bodies of water from low lifts for the drain- 

 age or irrigation of low lands with as great an economy of fuel as was 

 hitherto generally supposed to be confined to the elevation of com- 

 paratively small quantities of water to great heights. To the Haar- 

 ii m-mer Meer Commissioners belongs the merit of having ventured to 

 carry out this bold experiment, and thiy will reap their reward by an 

 economy of at least 100,000/. over the cost of draining the lake by 

 the ordinary system of steam engines and hydraulic machinery em- 

 ployed to drain land; and of upwards of 170,000/. and three years 

 time, over the cost of draining the lake by the windmill system hither- 

 to generally employed in Holland. 



Upon the cost of annual drainage an important saving will also be 

 efTected ; by the system adopted it is estimated at 4500/., by wind- 

 mills at tJlOO/., and by the ordinary steam engines at 10,000/. per 

 annum, and if interest at 5 per cent, on the money saved in the origi- 

 nal cost of draining the hike be taken into the account, the figures 

 would stand thus, 4,600/., 14,G00/., and 15,000/. 



The Leeghwater is named in honour of a celebrated Dutch engi- 

 neer, who, from his great success in draining numerous lakes in North 

 Holland, was popularly known by the name of "Leeghwater," or "the 

 drier-up of water," and with him the first proposal to drain the lake 

 originated in 10-23. The other two engines are called Cruquius and 

 Van Lynden, after two celebrated men who have at various periods 

 interested themselves in promoting the drainage of the Lake. 



The engines and pumiis are manufactured at the well-known estab- 

 lishment of Messrs. Harvey and Co., of Hayle, and Messrs. Fox and 

 Co., of Ferran, Cornwall ; the pump balances and boilers by Messrs. 

 VdU Vle^siiigen and Van Heel, of Amsterdam. 



TRABEATE AND ARCUATE ARCHITECTURE. 



THIRD ARTICLE. 



It is but a thankless office to demonstrate that an object of general 

 admiration is unworthy of the homage paid to it: though the inno- 

 vator may dethrone the idol, be cannot propitiate its worshippers. 

 The advocate of heterodox opinions inarchitecture must not, therefore, 

 even if he succeed in convincing his opjionents, expect to win thrir 

 applause. In these papers, of which the object has been to demon- 

 strate the errors which have crept into our architectural system from 

 an attempt to combine two irreconcileable means of construction — the 



arch and architrave — we have endeavoured to avoid the appearance 

 of heterodoxy by confirming our opinions by the citation of acknow- 

 ledged authorities. For the last three centuries it has been customary 

 to consider architectural forms independently of their purpose ; but 

 though the effort to inculcate similar principles be comparatively re- 

 cent, the labourers in this arduous undertaking are by no means few. 

 We already reckon the n ines of Hope, Willis, Whewell, Cockerell, 

 and Paley, among the advocates of architectural truth. 



As an example of the effects of confounding trabeate and arcuake 

 architecture, we have referred to the inconstructive arrangements of 

 the dome and other parts of St. Paul's Cathedral — a bold illustration 

 certainly, but one supported by the recorded opinion of Professor 

 Cockerell, that this building exhibits a confusion of the principles of 

 Classic and Christian Architecture. If, by way of contrast with the 

 dome of St. Paul's, we examine the spires of Chichester or Salisbury 

 Cathedrals, the difference between the principles of the medisval 

 architects and of those who succeeded them will be set in a very clear 

 light. In the two mediaeval spires there is no casing or outer cover- 

 ing to conceal the inner mechanical arrangements of the structure. 

 Every course of stones used in the construction is visible, both from 

 tlie outside and inside of those noble works. The visitor on ascend- 

 ing finds himself within a vast cone, formed of circular horizontal 

 courses of masonry, diminishing in diameter from the base to the 

 summit: he looks in vain for a single means of support not visible 

 from the exterior of the cathedral. In St. Paul's, on the contrary, the 

 reut spire is, as has been sliown, a concealed cone of bricks: the 

 dome is merely a wooden frame-work fixed on to the cone after it was 

 finished. Two ends are answered by this contrivance : the bricks are 

 hidden, and an appearance of vaulting is given where it does not 

 exist. 



This and similar inconstructive arrangements are readily ex- 

 plained when we consider them the natural eff'ects of an attempt to 

 combine arch aud architrave construction. It is time however to turn 

 to another example of those effects ; and tlie inference with respect to 

 modern art being far more direct in the instance which we are about 

 to select than in the former, the necessity of quoting authorities be- 

 comes greater. 



" But of all the parts borrowed from Grecian Architecture," says 

 Hope iu the eighth chapter of his admirable Essay, "that which came 

 to be applied in the way most different from, most inconsistent with, 

 its nature aud distinction in the original, was the fastigium, the part 

 which we call the pediment. 



"The pediment, which was only the termination of a roof slanting 

 both ways from its central line or spine, of which, throughout its w hole 

 length, from end to end, the continuity was never broken, which was 

 never seen iu Grecian buildings, except on the straight line at the 

 summit and the gable formed by the extremity of the roof, in Roman 

 architecture frequently appeared as if cut off from all that belonged to 

 if, and grew out of, and was stuck under, the eutablature which it 

 should have surmounted, against the upright wall, or a window, or a 

 niche, — even as in the temple of Balbeck, placed within a jirojectiDg 

 portico, a situation in which it could not be useful eveu to carry off" 



the wet In Grecian architecture the square pilaster only 



terminated the square pier or antae ; by the Romans it was carried in 

 shallow slips or slices along the whole surface of the wall ; and as the 

 tyrant Maxenlius tied together the living and the dead, so the 

 architects of Rome everywhere attached the round, vigorous, and in- 

 dependent column to one of these flat, weak, and confiued pilasters, 

 for no other purpose that can be conjectured than that the effect of its 

 tapering form might be destroyed by the straight lines of the pilaster." 



These opinions respecting the use and abuse of pediments and 

 columns are applied, in another part of the same work, to the Cathe- 

 dral of St. Peter's, at Rome, in the following terms :— " One condemns 

 in the church its front so much broken by partial projections, its pedi- 

 ment standing on a base loo narrow, and an expanse too small, and 

 rendered eindtntly uultss by the ponderous attic that rises behind it and 

 crushes the fa9ade to which it was intended to give elevation. 



