1843.] 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



12? 



6. Floor. — To sittings, wood ; to open spaces, or chancel, stone or encaustic 

 tiles. If not undervaulted, it may be freed from damp by brick rubble, flints, 

 ashes, or furnace slag, laid to the depth of 12 or 18 inches under the floor. 

 Allowance should also be made for the future rise of the surrounding burial 

 ground ; the floors of many churches, originally above ground, are at this 

 day many feet below the surface, and have thereby become damp and un- 

 wholesome. It is desirable that the church floor should be raised at least 

 three steps above the ground line. 



The distance between the joists of the floor should never exceed twelve 

 inches. 



AH wood floors should be supported on walls, with a clear space of eighteen 

 inches in depth, well ventilated beneath. 



No American timber to be used either in the floors or any other part of 

 the building. 



Flagged floors should be laid on cross walls eighteen inches high. 



7. Walls. — To be solidly constructed of stone, either squared, or rubble, or 

 flint : or of brick, where no good stone can be procured without great addi- 

 tional expense. If the walls are of brick, cased with stone or flint, the stone 

 or flint to be well bonded into the brick. As a general rule the thickness 

 must not be less than as follows ; — 



Square stone of the Brick faced with Inferior stone, 



best quality, or brick. Flint or Stone. Flint, or Rubble. 



If less than 20ft. high.) ft. in. ft. in. ft. in. 



and carrying a roof not J- 1 10J 2 2 3 

 exceeding 20 ft. span J 

 If 20 ft. or more high, oA 



carrying a roof exceed- > 2 3 2 5 2 6 

 ing 20 ft. span J 



If more than 30 ft. high 2 7§ 2" 9 3 



The above dimensions are given on the supposition, that there are but- 

 tresses, of solidity and form suitable to the style adopted, placed opposite 

 the trusses or principals of the roof; where there are no buttresses, the 

 thickness of the walls must be considerably greater. 



No cement or plastering of any kind to be used as a facing of the walls, or 

 of any external part of a church or chapel. 



If a wall be built with two faces of stone, filled between with rubble, great 

 care must be taken that they be properly bonded together, as the wall will 

 otherwise not stand a partial settlement. Where good stone is scarce, a 

 thickness, otherwise perhaps unattainable, may be secured by this method of 

 construction. 



Walls built of flint or rubble should have bonding courses of stone or brick, 

 and stone or brick piers at intervals, approaching at least within four inches 

 of the external face. 



Whatever be the material of which the substance of the walls is made, the 

 dressings should, if possible, be invariably of stone. 



The greatest attention should be paid to the quality of the mortar used. 



8. Roof. — The btst external covering is lead, which should be not less than 

 seven pounds to the foot; — or copper of not less than 22 oz. to the foot. 

 Blue tiles, commonly called Newcastle tiles, or stone tiles, are perhaps the 

 next best covering. Westmoreland slates are better in colour than those 

 commonly used, but are, in most cases, expensive. All slates to be fixed 

 with copper nails. 



Flat ceilings are inconsistent with Gothic architecture. Next to a stone 

 vaulted roof, none has so good an effect internally as an open roof, exhibit- 

 ing the timbers. It is desirable that this should be of high pitch, the trans- 

 verse section forming or approaching to the figure of an equilateral triangle. 



If a wooden panelled roof be preferred, the panelling should not be made 

 to imitate stone. 



In roofs of low pitch and wide span, horizontal tie-beams are necessary; 

 but in other cases, where the Society is satisfied that due provision has been 

 made for the safety of the construction without them, they may be dispensed 

 with. 



If the distance between the principal trusses exceed ten feet, intermediate 

 trusses must be introduced. The distance between the common rafters should 

 never exceed twelve inches. 



Wherever the ends of timbers are lodged in the walls, they should rest in 

 cast iron shoes or on stone corbels. 



9. Windows.— In Gothic churches, where stained glass is not used, the glass 

 should be in small panes, those of a diamond shape being generally pre- 

 ferable. 



Hopper casements are recommended, and they should be inserted in almost 

 all the windows, in order to secure due ventilation. 



Where lead lights are adopted, copper bands to tie them to the saddle bars 

 are preferable to lead, being less liable to stretch and become luose by the 

 action of the wind. 



The very unsightly appearance often occasioned by the wet streaming 

 down the window backs, can be prevented by fixing a small copper gutter at 

 the bottom of each lead-light, to receive the moisture produced by conden- 

 sation, with copper tubes to convey the same to the outside of the building. 



This has also a tendency to keep the building dry, and to preserve it from 

 decay ; or the inside of the sills may be raised an inch and a half. 



A good effect will be produced by keeping the sills of windows raised as 

 much as practicable above the line of the tops of the seats. 



10. Tower anil Spire.— The usual place of the tower, in a church without 

 transepts, is at the west end ; or it may be placed about the middle of the 

 side. If funds are scanty, it is better to leave this part of the church to a 

 future period, than to attempt its immediate completion in an inferior 

 manner. 



When the tower contains more bells than o",e, the timbers of the bell 

 framing or floor should not be inserted into the main walls, but should be 

 supported either on set-offs or on corbels. 



11. Gutters.— Where necessary, to be most carefully constructed to carry 

 off the rain and snow into the perpendicular pipes, which are best of cast 

 iron, cylindrical, and placed an inch or two at least from the wall, so as to 

 admit air and keep it dry. 



Dripping eaves projecting very far do not in all cases supersede the neces- 

 sity of gutters and pipes, even in very sheltered situations; but in exposed 

 places, eaves-gutters, and rain-water pipes will be absolutely necessary to 

 prevent the wet being driven against the walls, and thus rendering the build- 

 ing damp. 



Eaves gutters may be made of cast iron ; but, unless very skilfully cast, 

 they will not preserve their level. 



The lead for gutters must not be less than eight pounds to the foot. 



Lead gutters must not be less than twelve inches wide in the narrowest 

 part, with drips at proper intervals ; each drip two inches deep at the least, 

 and the fall between the drips not less than one inch and a half in every ten 

 feet. 



Outlets to be provided in parapets to carry off the overflowing occasioned 

 by rapid thaws or otherwise. 



Drains on the roof should be protected by coverings, as it prevents the 

 melting snow from congealing in the gutter, and thus obstructing the water- 

 course. 



Drains should be formed at the feet of all the rain water pipes. 



12. Ventilation. — Ventilation cannot be always completely effected by win- 

 dows alone, without incommoding the congregation. In such cases foul air 

 may be expelled at or near the roof, either by horizontal or perpendicular 

 channels or tubes. 



Where there is a ceiling, apertures should be made in it for the proper 

 ventilation of the roof. 



All the original provisions for the ventilation of the building must be care- 

 fully looked after, and the apertures kept open. 



13. Ckimntys. — If any be required, the utmost care must be taken to render 

 them safe from fire. They should never be brought within eighteen inches 

 of any timber. They should be as unobtrusive as possible, but not disguised 

 under the form of any ornamental feature of the building. 



14. The Lord's Table. — Should be raised two or more steps above the floor 

 of the chancel, which should itself be raised a step or two above the floor of 

 the nave. Where the rails do not extend across the chancel, no seats should 

 be allowed between the rails and the north and south walls; and as much 

 room as possible should be left about the rails for the access of commu- 

 nicants. 



15. Font. — To be fixed at the west end of the building, or as near as con- 

 venient to the principal entrance, but not so as to be under a gallery. Care 

 to be taken that sufficient space is allowed for the sponsors to kneel. The 

 font to be of stone, as directed by the Canon, and large enough to admit of 

 the immersion of infants. To be provided with a water drain. 



16. Reading Pew and Pulpit. — The reading pew should not be so elevated 

 as to resemble a second pulpit ; and both reading pew and pulpit should be 

 so placed as to intercept the view of the east end as little as possible from 

 the body of the church. 



17. Seats. — The seats must be so placed as that no part of the congregation 

 may turn their backs upon the altar. There must invariably be an open 

 central passage up the whole length of the church, from west to east. No 

 square, cr round, or double pews can be allowed, and as few pews as may be. 

 Much accommodation is gained by the adoption, instead of pews, of open 

 seats with backs. 



The distance from the back of one seat to that of the next must depend in 

 great measure on the height of the backs and the arrangements for kneeling. 

 Where the funds and space admit, convenience will be consulted by adopting 

 a clear width of 3 feet, or even 3 feet 4 inches ; but the width of 2 feet 

 6 inches in the clear may be allowed if the back of the seat be not more than 

 2 feet 8 inches in height. This height is in all cases to be preferred, both for 

 convenience and for appearance. If a greater height be adopted, the distance 

 from back to back must not be less than 2 feet 1 1 inches in the clear. There 

 should not be any projecting capping on the top of the backs. Means for 

 kneeling must in all cases be provided. Hassocks are to be preferred to 

 kneeling boards, especially where the apace is narrow. 



Twenty inches in length must be allowed for each adult, and fourteen for 



17* 



