1843.] 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



285 



chimera called the perpetual motion. Mr. Bain intends to apply it also to 

 telegraphic purposes, in which its agency secures him improvements of the 

 last importance , for he can certaiuly, by its means, discard wheels of any 

 and every description, as well as electro-magnets. 



" A A is a mahogany case with a glass front ; B is a metal bracket fixed 

 to the back of the case, and to which the pendulum D is suspended. C C 

 are permanent steel magnets fixed to the sides of the case in such a manner 

 as that the pendulum-ball D can vibrate freely between the poles of each 

 magnet. The magnets are so placed as that poles of dissimilar names face 

 each other. E is a small platinum ball affixed to a brass stem, free to move 

 to one side or the other, being fastened to a light spindle carried by the 

 pendulum rod at H. The plate of copper F is deposited in the moist earth, 

 from which a wire leads to the bracket B. The plate of zinc G is likewise 

 deposited in the earth, and its wire leads to the piece of metal I. To the 

 lower end of the suspension-spring of the pendulum is attached a wire 

 coated with silk. It is led down the back of the rod (which is wood), and 

 then coiled longitudinally, in many convolutions, around the edge of the 

 pendulum-ball, in a groove previously made for the purpose. It is then 

 taken up the back of the rod and terminates in the bearings of the spindle 

 at H. The action of the engine is as follows : — A constant and uniform 

 current of electricity would be established, and would pass through the earth, 

 the plates and wires in the direction of the arrows, as long as the platinum ball 

 E rests on the platinum pin projecting from the metal I. But if the pen- 

 dulum is put in motion, suppose that, at first, it were drawn aside until the 

 ball D should be between the poles of the right-hand magnet, the point H 

 being now farther to the right than the ball E, the latter would fall to the 

 left and rest on the pin K until tbe pendulum took its vibration to the left, 

 when the ball E would fall to the right, and so on continually, the action 

 being produced by the change of the centre of gravitation at each vibration 

 of the pendulum. This action of the ball E lets on and cuts off the flow of 

 electricity at or near the extreme ends of the pendulum's vibrations, so that 

 the convolving wire of the pendulum-ball is attracted and repelled by the 

 magnets at the proper points of its vibrations, and thus a continual motion is 

 kept up for an indefinite period of time.'" 



We shall endeavour next month to draw the attention of our 

 readers to the ingenious printing telegraph of Mr. Bain. 



Tie Inventor's Manual, a familiar and practical Treatise of tlie 

 Lam of Patents for Inventions. By J. Towne Danson and G. Drys- 

 dale Dempsey. London : John Weale. 



W- Several useful works have been published on the law of patents ; 

 the object of the present one is to give a clear exposition to inventors 

 and parties interested in patent property, of the modes of obtaining 

 patents, and of making them legally available, without entering into 

 details of a nature merely technical. The authors have brought some 

 new light on various points of the subject; and with regard to the 

 meaning of the word "manufacture," they propose a much simpler 

 definition. After quoting the classifications of Godson, Webster, 

 Carpmael, Rankin, and Holroyd, the authors proceed to observe — 



"As these classifications do not assist us in defining the word 

 'manufacture,' they do not appear to have any practical value to the 

 inventor in defining his claim, or to the public in testing it. For both 

 these purposes the words of the statute, ' any manner of new manu- 

 factures,' are amply sufficient, and in every case in which an inventor 

 may have been so ill-advised as to claim a "method," or a ' principle,' 

 or a ' process,' and his right has been questioned, the judges have 

 found it necessary to bring him back to the expressive word ' manu- 

 facture,' and expound to him, that for the invention of that, and that 

 only, will the law afford him the protection of a patent. Or if a diffi- 

 culty occurs in ascertaining whether or not the security of a patent is 

 attainable, the solution of it is always found to depend on this simple 

 question, whether the invention will give to the public a new, useful, 

 and vendible result, in short, a 'manufacture;' and not by considering 

 its eligibility to be ranked in the class of ' substances,' ' machines,' 

 'combinations,' or ' principles.' 



" It would be easy to show that many of the tedious questions 

 which have perplexed inventors, juries, and counsel, would have been 

 either avoided altogether, or immediately solved, if the words of the 

 statute had been regarded, without reference to the ingenious defini- 

 tions given of them." 



In confirmation of the view here taken, the authors cite various 

 cases decided by the judges, and then proceed to observe — 



"That the complex classifications of patentable manufactures 

 hitherto attempted, are resolvable into the very simple one of things 



made and things improved, we shall complete this part of the subject, 

 and prove the sufficiency of the word 'manufacture' to cover all 

 beneficial inventions, by selecting a few of the most striking instances 

 from the number of patents which have been granted nominally for 

 methods, processes, Ac, and showing, in each case, what was the ' manu- 

 facture' produced." 



In support of this definition, quotations are given from several 

 cases, selected from a large number, which the authors contend are 

 sufficient to show how the words of the statute, "any manner of new 

 manufactures," may be applied, to limit the extent of every claim of 

 invention. 



The authors now proceed to define who may obtain a patent, which 

 we do not think requires much explanation, as the words of the statute, 

 "the true and first inventor," is amply comprehensive. Thev next 

 explain on what conditions a patent are granted, and then give the 

 various forms necessary for obtaining and securing it, and conclude 

 by describing the use of a patent as property, remedies at law for de- 

 fending it against infringement, and what is requisite to be done pro- 

 vided the patent is voidable in part, so as to secure a valid title ; 

 all of which the authors have explained very briefly, but quite suffi- 

 cient for the general reader to comprehend, without wading through 

 long legal reports. 



Ancient and Modern Architecture. Edited by M.Jules Gailha- 

 BAUD. London: Firmin Didot & Co. Parts S, 9, and 10. 



This series does not diminish in interest, on the contrary, its cha- 

 racter is well maintained. In the numbers now before us are contained 

 several interesting plates. That ancient monument, the Acropolis of 

 Tiryns, is well illustrated, and is a good example of the old Cvclo- 

 pean citadel. It is a remarkable proof of the extensive progress of 

 architecture at this era, that no less than four hundred towns are; 

 known to have been surrounded with stone walls of Cyclopean work, 

 supposed to denote the seats of so many Pelasgic colonies. The 

 Acropolis of Tiiyns is a gigantic monument, the walls of which en- 

 close a superficies of 197 feet in length, by 59 in breadth. The ex- 

 ternal wall is in general 19 feet 9 inches thick, and in some parts 

 25 feet 3 inches. Its height 42 feet 3 inches. The blocks are in 

 some cases from 10 to 13 feet long, by 4 feet 4 inches thick. The 

 vaults of the galleries are considered as probably the most ancient 

 specimens of the pointed arch in Greece. The church of the Inva- 

 lides at Paris, affords another illustration; its section shows a triple 

 cupola, and an enormous waste of space between the internal and ex- 

 ternal roof of the nave. The mosque of Al Mowaiyad, at Cairo, is one 

 of those composite buildings in which the early Arabs indulged, 

 showing a Moorish superstructure upon Greek and Roman columns. 

 The harmony, however, of the general design is preserved. The ca- 

 thedral of Athens is a monument of not less interest, as a specimen 

 of the Byzantine style, with its lantern, and alabaster windows. It is 

 supposed to belong to the Venetian period. The market of St. Ger- 

 main will be of interest to our numerous readers engaged in the con- 

 struction of such works in the provinces; the plates show a view, 

 elevation, ground plan, and the details of the roofs. The market is a 

 parallellogram, with an open court in the interior. The dimensions are 

 302 feet long by 2 Hi broad. The stalls in the Marche St. Germain are 

 366 in number. In order to enable our readers to compare, we have 

 brought together the sizes of several markets in France and England. 



St. Germain, Paris 

 St. John's, Liverpool 

 St. Martin's, Paris 

 Farringdon, London 

 La Vallee, Paris 

 North Market. Liverpool 

 St. James's, Liverpool 

 Corn Market, Liverpool 

 Market Hall, Birmingham ' 



The Halle au BIS belongs to the same class of subjects, and pre- 

 sents the example of a metallic cupola, 401 feet 6 inches in circum- 

 ference, and 106 feet 7 inches high. 



Six. hundred stalls. 



