33G 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



[October, 



per toil, the difference of 12s. per ton being altogether due from the 

 facility of delivery; about the same time also, I have the price per 

 ton 135s., and the extra for particular pipes, 55s. With respect 

 to the cost of digging trenches, they will vary as the depth; and I 

 know they have been done as follows, 3 ft., 4 ft., and 5 ft. respectively, 

 2id., Sid., and ihd. per lineal yard ; also, in regard to paving, ram- 

 ming, and removing surplus earth ; and finding stone where deficient, 

 the price will vary with the nature of the material, as Macadamised 

 road, square paving, and random paving, which I have done at per 

 lineal yard, as follows, 3d., 5£tf., and 'id. The depth below the sur- 

 face of the ground should not be less than IS inches, to guard against 

 frost and casual disturbance of the street by repair. The contractor 

 for the work or pipe-layer generally finds his own tools and lights, the 

 company being at the expense of repairing damage to lead pipes, 

 repair of roads, and removal of rubbish. I should rather say that 

 four contracts are usual, one for the pipes per ton delivered, another 

 for the pavement, a third for the trenches, and fourth for pipe-laying. 

 Joints of the pipes are usually made with molten lead ; but other ma- 

 terials are also used for economy, viz., wooden wedges, (see Journal, 

 Vol. I, p. 242.) also wood with iron wedges interspersed; a mixture 

 of cast iron borings with sal-ammoniac is sometimes used for socket 

 pipes. For flanched pipes a wease or washer of yam or sheet lead, 

 smeared with red or white lead, is used, and the pipes being cast 

 with a flanch at each end and screw lulls inserted, and when screwed 

 tight the joint is complete. 



In the appendix 1 have riven a table showing the weight of flanched 

 pipes, and the number of holes in the II inch. In the second table 

 is the weight and thickness of socket pipes with tin' cost of the 

 pipes per yard delivered, and the total cost per yard including pipes 

 and laying, and in the third is a table of detail for 3, -1, 5, 6, and 15 

 inch pipes, from actual execution, and from which the cost of the 

 pipes in the 2nd table has been computed. It must be borne in mind, 

 that the weight of pipes is also applicable to columns or pillars. 

 In that very useful work Laxton's /.' 1 1 I . . ' Prict Book several tables 

 are given of pipes, and one in particular gives the usual lengths and 

 different diameters and weights of lead service pipes. 



It has been previously noticed that the boring of fire plugs and par- 

 ticular pipes are charged extra, but the most costly appendages yet 

 remain to be noticed, viz., slide cocks with brass and copper facings, 

 which will cost 21s. per inch of the pipe's diameter for all sizes of pipe, 

 and for the smaller size as high as 358. per inch. The when, uhv, 

 and wherefore, of the introduction of these, as also the size of the 

 mains and their gradual diminution to suit particular localities, must 

 be left to the hydraulic engineer, but, as a general question, I may be 

 allowed to state from 11 in. to 15 in. diameter of pipe will be suffi- 

 cient to supply a population of from 70 to 100,000. 



The subject of the flow' of water through pipes of different lengths, 

 both horizontal and vertical, has occupied a good deal of your pages, 

 and a paper was read to the Institute of Civil Engineers by 

 W. A. Provis, Esq., in the session of 1838, and reported in the Journal, 

 Vol. I., p. 383, containing the following deductions. "In level pipes 

 the quantity of water discharged is nearly in the inverse ratio of the 

 square root of the length ; but the departure from this rule is greatest 

 in the shortest lengths and greatest heads. In inclined pipes, the in- 

 creased discharge is greater in the long than in the short pipes. The 

 increased discharge for an increased head is nearly in the same pro- 

 portion through the long and short lengths." The above extract is 

 the result of several experiments forming a direct appeal to nature 

 for facts. At page 40", vol. 5, of the Journal, commences your review 

 of Mr. Shuttleworth's Patent Hydraulic Railway, which has led to 

 your pages being so fully occupied, perhaps unprofitably, with the 

 subject of the flow of water down vertical pipes, which has also been 

 continued by yourself, and a correspondent T. F — x, in Vol. 6, pages 

 37, 123, and page 14?, by I. T — N, which as connected with this sub- 

 ject, I have noted for future reference. The following rules as to 

 the quantity and velocity of issuing water, I have collected from 

 various sources ; the first was given me by a friend who is an hy- 

 draulic engineer, viz. formula for calculating the quantity and velocity 



of issuing water. Let h be the head of water in feet, d, diameter in 

 inches, /, length of pipe in feet : 



15 a/- 



h d 



+ 5d 



velocity ; 



30 



d -a / = gallons discharged per minute. 



To find the weight and quantity of water in full pipes, square the 

 diameter in inches, which will give the weight in pounds in a yard of 

 pipe ; and if one figure be cut off on the right hand, it will give the 

 number of gallons. 



Quantity of Water discharged by Iron Pipes. 



Multiply twice the fall in inches per mile by one-fourth of pipe's 

 diameter in inches; extract the square root; take ±% of root for ve- 

 locity in inches per second. Divide by 12 for feet per second. This 

 is the velocity that will be maintained if the pipe be fully supplied. 

 For a head of water the velocity will be increased as the square root 

 of the height. 



The manner of laving, direction, usual size and dimensions, depth 

 below surface and cost of trenches, and making good pavements, have 

 been alluded to, as also the manner of proving; but the description of 

 metal and mode of casting has not been noticed. Many parties are 

 content with casting on a sloping bench, others insist on perpendicular 

 casting, with a head of metal above the top of the pipe; and as re- 

 gards the metal, it is now commonly run direct from the blast furnace, 

 and not from the cupola of little foundries as was formerly the case. 

 In conclusion : I (hink this a rambling collection, but trust the tables 

 will be a sufficient apology, as also the wish of contributing, in how- 

 ever small a degree, to promote the cleanliness, and consequently the 

 health, of the poorer, although not less useful, portion of the com- 

 munity. 



St. Ann's, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. O. T. 



Appendix. 

 Detail Cost of laying Pipes. 

 3 fa. Pipes, cost of 9//. length. 



G lb. of lead in joints at 14s. 



4 oz. of yarn or gaskin, 5d. per lb. 

 1. ibour in laying 

 Excavation, refilling and paving 



Labour per yard, Is. Id. 

 Metal per yard, 2s. \ld. 



Total cost is. Id. 



4 in. Pipe". 

 Sib. of lead in joints, at 14s. 



5 oz. of yarn 

 Labour in laying 

 Excavation, filling and paving 



Labour per yard, Is. 3i</. 

 Metal ditto 4s. Irf. 



Total cost 5s. 4Jrf. 



5 in. Pipes. 

 101b. of lead in joints, at 14s. 



(I oz. of yarn 

 Labour in laying .. 

 Excavation, filling and paving 



Labour per yard, Is. 4irf. 

 Metal per yard, 5s. 9i. 



Total cost per yard, 7s, IJrf. 



12 3i 



21 5 



