1S43.] 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



361 



and iron pipes. In deciding which of these modes should he adopted, it 

 was necessary to make a comparsion among them as to their efficiency for 

 conducting the water in purity, and in the quantity required, their perma- 

 nency as structures, and their cost. 



" The disadvantages attendant upon an open canal were, that by filtration 

 through the hanks there would be a heavy loss of water ; — the difficulty of 

 preserving the water from receiving the wash of the country, and preventing 

 injurious matter from being thrown into it and rendering it impure, and the 

 impurities which might be contracted by passing through different earths. 

 Evaporation would also occasion a serious loss of water. The hanks would 

 be liable to failure in seasons of long-continued rains, and the city depending 

 upon this for a supply, would he cut off, except there should be sufficient 

 in the reservoirs to furnish a supply during the period of repairs. The canal 

 could never be subjected to a thorough repair, because of the necessity of 

 keeping it in a condition for furnishing water constantly during the whole 

 year, so that all repairs would be done under great disadvantages, and the 

 channel would be yearly growing worse until its failure might become a pub- 

 lic calamity. In regard to the open channel having the sides protected by 

 masonry, the objections were found to be such as would apply equally to 

 every species of open channel ; namely, that it would be exposed in many 

 situations to receive the wash of the country ; that it would be unprotected 

 from the frost, and liable to be interrupted thereby, and lastly, that there 

 would be a loss by evaporation. It was supposed that these objections 

 might he obviated by certain precautions ; for example, the wash could be 

 avoided by making sufficient side drains ; and the interruption liable to occur 

 from frost and snow, and the evaporation to a certain extent, could be pre- 

 vented by closing the channel entirely with a roof over the top. The close 

 channel or culvert, composed essentially of masonry, seemed to possess all 

 the requisite advantages for conducting the water in a pure state and keeping 

 it beyond the influence of frost or any interruption which would be liable to 

 occur to an open channel. In point of stability this plan had a decided pre- 

 ference over either of the other plans proposed, and the only objection 

 offered was the cost of the work constructed in this way. To avoid too 

 ; great expense it was proposed to make use of a mixed construction, using 

 the close channel or culvert in situations where deep excavations occurred, 

 and it would be desirable to fill in the earth again to the natural form, also 

 where the line of aqueduct intersected villages, and using the open channel 

 with slope walls for the residue of the distance. 



" In regard to iron pipes for conducting the water, it was found that a 

 sufficient number of them to give the same sectional area as would be adopted 

 by either of the other plans would be more expensive, and considering the 

 great distance and the undulating surface over which they would extend, 

 other disadvantages were presented which added to the objections, and the 

 plan was considered inexpedient. Could a line be graded so as to give a 

 regular inclination from the Fountain Reservoir to one at the city, then the 

 expense of laying iron pipes for conducting the proposed quantity of water, 

 would be greater than for constructing a channel-way of masonry ; and when 

 laid, the pipes were thought to be less durable. Should the pipes follow the 

 natural undulations of the ground, there would be so much resistance offered 

 to the flow of water that the discharge would be diminished in a very great 

 degree. 



The close channel or conduit of masonry was adopted as the plan best cal- 

 culated to answer all the purposes of conducting the water to the city. 



We should like the managers of the New River to read this, and 

 see if they could not take a lesson from it witli regard to their recep- 

 tacle for dead dogs, ditch-water, and diseased bathers, with which 

 they supply the metropolis with pure water. The sooner that con- 

 cern is covered over the better, the more creditable will it be to the 

 managers, and the more acceptable to the community. 



Illustrations of Indian Architecture from the Muhammadan Conquest 

 downwards, selected from a portfolio of architectural drawings, from 

 buildings at Agra, Delhi, Juanpur, Benares Chunar, and numerous 

 other places. By Markham Kittoe, Esq. (Parts 9 to 17, containing 

 21 plates.) Calcutta: W. Thacker and Co., 1838. 



To us it affords great gratification to receive these new fruits of 

 ^ Air. Kittoe's labours, whether we consider them as the productions of 



\a gentleman of great taste and mental culture, or whether we con- 

 template them with regard to their architectural influence. If there 

 are still those who doubt that no new resources exist for art but in the 

 plagiarism and piracy of Greek design, let them examine these 

 i ilnwings, and see how oriental artists have availed themselves of the 

 itjj.iile range of natural objects, cultivated by every real school of art, 

 injiid neglected by us alone. The Greek, the Roman, the medieval 

 chitect, the Moor, was perpetually engaged in the delineation of 

 gfV forms and the re-adaptation of well-known objects, while we, 

 desigr\ never we tread in the path of antiquity, find nature, as it were, 

 Sir, arF rin § ueHeal ' 1 01lr fingers, and presenting no resource but the re- 

 col1cen f.ictions of used-up studies. We have protested against such 

 Engine! °^ '"dustry and want of genius, against such mawkish and 



thievish degradation of art; and we are glad to be reinforced by 

 arguments so practical as those which are afforded in the works of 

 Mr. Kittoe. If our reader be a lover of the classic or of the pointed 

 style, he will find in the numbers before us numerous beautiful studies 

 from nature, which he may examine with profit. In fact, were several 

 of the plates of the. present work laid before the connoisseur, he 

 would be tempted to refer their subjects to the buildings of Athens, 

 or the internal decorations of Pompeii, rather than to the far East. 

 There are candelabra, tombs, arabesques, to which our associations 

 would allow no other birth-place than the Pelasgic lands. On the 

 other hand, there are corbels, brackets, and ceilings, in which we tn 

 retrace every lineament of the pointed styles. There is a great west 

 window, which we might think of European origin. If we want to 

 be convinced that art is catholic, and catholic because she must look 

 everywhere to the beauties of nature for her inspirations, we find 

 ample proofs in these records of the labours of those far removed from 

 European sympathies and European studies. We cannot, however, 

 bring ourselves to believe that the monuments of classic genius to be 

 found in western Asia, have been unstudied by oriental architects, and 

 on the contrary, we are inclined to look here for another proof of the 

 vitality of Hellenic principles. We do not believe that those who 

 doted on the labours of Aristotle, and who preserved and reproduced 

 the literary and scientific monuments of Greece, at the same time 

 that they actively cultivated the liberal arts, could have been unim- 

 pressed by the material monuments or Greek genius, which were 

 within their reach. We know that bigotry prevented many of the 

 Mahometan literati, the geographers particularly, from availing them- 

 selves of contemporary information; but that certainly did not operate 

 with the mass of enlightened and educated men, who showed every 

 disposition to profit by those labours of the Giaours which were 

 within their reach. We therefore believe that the architecture of the 

 Moors was no more without the impress of Greek influence than was 

 their science, and what we have seen in their various monuments 

 tends to confirm us in those views. To the antiquary and to the, 

 student of art we therefore recommend these engravings of Mr. 

 Kittoe, for we cannot but believe that it must act as an encouragement 

 to exertion, when it is seen how much has been done by those la- 

 bouring under less advantages, and possessing less cultivation. Al- 

 though the monuments described in those parts are principally of the 

 Muhomedan period, yet they abound in features of interest, and Mr. 

 Kittoe is particularly useful in giving numerous examples of details. 

 In oue or two of the plates will be found ingenious combinations of 

 the dome and the pyramid or spire, producing a novel and striking 

 effect. 



In conclusion, we leave the work to the study of our readers, with 

 an expression of our obligations to Mr. Kittoe for this employment of 

 Indian residence. We sincerely hope that these labours will be con- 

 tinued, and that he will find his exertions have not been fruitless in 

 calling attention to the state of the fine arts in our vast and neglected 

 Indian empire. 



Black's Picturesque Tourist and Road Book of England and WaUs. 

 Edinburgh : Adam and Charles Black, 1843. 



This is an attempt to bring the old road book up to the pitch of 

 modern improvement, and we are. bound to pronounce it successful. 

 It is cheap and portable, at the same time that it contains an immense 

 mass of information, closely compressed, and well printed, illustrated 

 with numerous maps and copper-plate engravings. The letter-press 

 appears to be well executed, as are the maps, with the exception of 

 the general map, which is so much neglected, that we feel it our duty 

 to call Messrs. Black's attention to it, as we presume they cannot be 

 aware of its condition, having bestowed so much care and expence in 

 every other department, and maintaining as they do a reputation so 

 high for accuracy and research. We should not, perhaps, complain 

 so much that the Northern and Eastern, and Eastern Counties Rail- 

 ways are left in their original proportions uncurtailed, we might have 

 passed over the omission of all the recent additions to the railway 

 system, the Hertford and Ware, Peterborough, Warwick and Lea- 

 mington, Oxford and Maidstone branches, but we are sorry to find 

 such numerous and serious omissions as those of the Manchester 

 and Birmingham, Chester and Crew, Chester and Birkenhead, Bristol 

 and Glo'ster, Llanelly, Taff Vale, Gosport, Hayle, and Canterbury 

 and Whitstable Railways, all of which, with one exception, have been 

 some time in operation, and which are to be found in the district 

 imp; df this same work. We are further induced to make this com- 

 plaint from the negligent way in which railway maps, and maps gen"- 

 rally, are produced. 



