m 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



[March, 



gallery is perinilled to remain. The font is remored to its proper place 

 and a north door is opened. 



iSf. Nicolas, Crantey, Surrey. — The channel is sealed slallwise, but 

 without returns : the details arc- poor. The paving is of encaustic tiles. 

 The sedilla have been restored, but are not used, nor can they be while 

 the altar rails remain. There is a pour cajole, a pulpit wanting; height, (a 

 fnult on the ria;ht sule), and a readiug-pe\T that faces south. In the nave 

 are two horrible but elaborately panelled galleries between the first and 



S2C0nrl l)eWo. 



.S7. Mariritret, Lijnn. — The parclose of the chancel of St. IMargaret, 

 Lynn, is in course of restoration by Mr. Patterson, carver , of that town ; 

 under the superintendence of the Lynn and West Norfolk. Architectural 

 Society. 



Jesus College, Camlirid^e. — We are delighted to be informed by a cor- 

 respondent, that llie master of .Jesus College, Cambridge, has announced 

 his intention of presenting five stained glass windows for the lancets on 

 the north side of the choir of the college chapel. The " Five Sisters." of 

 Yoik, will be the model. 



THE COLLECTION OF SEWAGE MANURE. 



In connection with the efforts that have recently been made to improve 

 the sanatory condition of large towns, one of the most important proposi- 

 tions is the plan entertained, applying to ugricuhure the re/use and 

 drainage of Loudon. 



It is argued, and apparently with good reason, that by this plan not only 

 would large quantities of valuable manure, which is now wasted, be use- 

 fully applied, but tha' also, the plan would involve more elfectual means 

 of removing it, than by the flow of the Thames, and that a fruitful c.use 

 of miasma would be removed. 



Two modes of elVeciiug the requisite object have been suggested. In the 

 First Report of the Health of Towns Commission are published various 

 reports and estimates made by Mr. Smith, of Beanston, in which he sug- 

 gests the practicability of dispersing sewage water of lands in the vi- 

 cinity of London by a system of fixed jets or hose pipes, and more recently 

 details are given in a prospectus issueil by the .Metropolitan Sewage Com- 

 pany, to which Mr. Smith's name appears as consulting engineer. The 

 scheme is stated by the prospectus to have been matured for conveying the 

 sewage water of London, by means of a system of punLinng-engints and 

 pipes analogous to that of ihe i^reat Water Companies, and thus distributing 

 the fertilising fluid ail over the land, in such manner and proportions as 

 may be best adapted to the various kinds of field and garden culliiation. 

 The average quantity required for agriculture is estimated at bO ions per 

 acre, which can be supplit-d within alront 20 miles round the metropolis 

 at less than a quarter of the cost of stable or farm-yard manure, aud at 

 one-teiiih of the expense. 



The contents of these sewers are to be raised by powerful steam engines 

 and distributed by pipes over an extent of sixty square mites, through the 

 "ardenin" and agricultural districts to the j<tcs(ifa/(/. Al sum of 300,000/. 

 only will be required to carry this part of the plan into efiect. On com- 

 paring the relative expense of conveying solid and liquid manure, it is 

 calculated that the cost of the convej aiice of liquid manure by pipes, is, at 

 th» very outsule, one twentieth of the transport of solid manure Inj ciirts. 



The authority quoted is Mr.T. Hawksley, Engineer, of Nottingham ; he 

 states in evidence that the cost of transmitting water to a distance of Jire 

 miles, and to a height of 200 feet, imlnding wear and tear of pumping ma- 

 chinery, fuel, labour, interest of capital invested in pipes, reservoirs, en- 

 gines &c., amounts to 2jd. per ton ; the cost of cuWrtg-c to the same dis- 

 tance aud height will, under favourable circumstances, amount to 4s. per 

 ton. 



This plan depends chiefly upon the authority of Mr. Smith's report and 

 estimates, published by the Healih of Towns Commission. 



He appears to have maile several experiments respecting the diffusion 

 of water by jets ; in applying the results of his experiments to the case of 

 sewage manure. He states that the water must be at a pressure of from 

 100 to 150/c('f at the point tvhcre it is to he distributed by hiise over the 

 land. ^V'ith a pressure at liie hose of 120 feet, he fonnti that he could, 

 thniu'^h a 2J inch hose and a one inch nozzle, distribtite wafer over an area 

 of («•« statute acres— but to he safe, say one statute acre, and if the land 

 rises an addition must be made to the pressure equal to the rise in Ihe land. 

 Mr. Smith states that for his estimate he assumes 200 feet total height to 

 raise the water. 



Great doubts have however been expressed as to the practicability of 

 distributing the sewage water by jets. In a report to the London Sewage 

 Company iMr. Wicksteed. C.E., proposed an altogether diil'erent plan, and 

 brought forward powerful argumeuis for condemning in tulo Mr. Smith's 

 scheme. Tlie following extracts embody the princijial points of his 

 reply : — 



" The quantity of sewer water to be supplied is equal to 17,920 gallons 

 per acre per annum, one-third of which Mr. Smith says can be delivered in 

 one hour, or 99.5.5 gallons, or about 10 cubic feet, per minute. At this 

 rate the engine would supply 5 jets only at a time. Mr. Smith provides 

 for 01 jets, and 8 lines of services each two miles long, which gives 

 8 plugs to each line of service pipes. Mr. Smith savs he never intends 

 more than two jets to be playing at one time on a service, But if, instead 



of the jets playing for an hour over an acre, they are playing fur rather 

 more than three hours ; then two jets on each service, or 10 jets, may be 



playing together, and the engine will supply them The additional 



head required to overcome the friction of the water passing through the 

 main, services, and hose, will be equal to 24 feet; but if only 8 jets, or half 

 the number in the former estimate, are playing at the same time, then the 

 water must travel through the hose at twice the velocity, (to deliver an 

 equal quantity of water) and the head of water to overcome the frictioD 

 must be 35 feet, and if only .5 jets are open at the same time, as proposed by 

 Mr. Smith, to deliver the same quantity of water in the same time, the ad- 

 ditional head required to overcome friction would be still further increased 

 to 07 feel. Mr. Smith however seems to have lost sight of the fact that 

 friction of water tiirough pipes increases as the squares of the velocity, 

 and that to force double the quantity of water through the same sized pipe, 

 is equiialent to doubling its velocity, anil would therefore require four 

 times the pressure, and consequently an addition must be made to the pro- 

 poscd head (viz. 200 feet) of 24 feet, 35 feet, or 07 feet, depending upon 

 Ihe number of jets opened at one time, which regulates the delivery ; and 

 if in the latter case the level of the ground proposed to be manured should 

 be 133 feet above the town,* there would be wo pressure at the nozzle to 

 create a jet at all, unless the bead or pressure be iucrea^ed beyond the 200 

 feet, and which head, to produce the eflect Mr. Smith proposes, must be 

 224 feet, or 235 feet, or 207 feet, depending upon the number of jets play- 

 ing at one time. But taking the most favourable arrangement for working 

 the jets, which will be when the greatest number are playing at one time, 

 the proposed head must be increased to 224 feet, and the power to 33 6-10 

 horses, aud this will be putting the scheme in a much more practicable 

 form, and will enable me to check the estimates. 



Mr. Smith however further asserts that the twelve inch pipe is ample for 

 </o«ft/« the extent of country, and therefore considers he may reduce his 

 estimate of the cost of the main to one-half. f — If the main is ample for 

 double the extent of country, it must be capable of conveying double the 

 quantity of water, and of supplying the additional number ot services for 

 double the extent, and the head required to overcome liie friction will be 

 increased ; with sixteen jets playing on each plot, it will be equal to 92 feet 

 instead of 24 feet; with eightjets on each plot, it will be 104 feet instead of 

 35, and with live jets on each plot. 135 feet instead of 07. It is evidently 

 erroneous therefore lo suppose that the same sized pipe could convey double 

 the quantity of water " lo supply other sections of land of equal extent." 



Again : Mr. Smith gives another estimate of the cost of supplying douhlt 

 the quantity of sewer water to the sanie section, and assumes that this can 

 be done for the same outlay, forgetting that the head for friction must be 

 quadrupled ; aud that if IG^ets are to be sujiplied with double the quantity 

 of water, it would require a head of 96 feet instead of 24 feel ; and for 8 

 jets it would be 140 feet instead of 35 feet ; and for 5 jets 2GS feet instead 

 oi 07 feet; but taking, as before, the most favourable case, that of the 16 

 jets, Ihe head of water must be 290 feet instead of 200 feet ; and Ihe power 

 required for raising double the quantity of water, under this incrtastd pres- 

 sure, must be equal to 88.8 instead of 30 horses power. 



The next point for consideration, and a most important one, in reference 

 to the supply of sewer water by pipes, is the actual number of days during 

 the J ear, on which the engines can be kept at work pumping the sewer 

 water on to the lands — as it is evident that upon this point must depend 

 the power of the engine, the size of the pipes, and the capacity of the reser- 

 voir for preserving the sewage, at periods when it cannot be thrown over 

 the land. Assuming the periods for this purpose to be on the aggregate 

 equal to six weeks in the year; and that the engine will be constantly 

 pumping sewer water during this time, 7 days per week, for 12 hours each 

 dav, the quantity of water raised by the engines must be equal to 6,300 

 cubic feel per ininute,. 



As the sewage water is constantly flowing every day throughout the 

 year, while the period for delivering it upon ihe lands is but six weeks — 

 i.e. 504 hours in 8,700, it is evident that Ihe reservoir must be capable 

 of holding the supply afforded during 8,250 hiuirs, or 

 5,020,278 loos ; consequently the capacity of the reservoir will be6,0C3,9]7 

 cubic \ards, and at a depth of 12 feet, or four yards, its area at the mean 

 water line will be equal to 344 acres — if a square, the length of each side 

 will be 1,290 yards, or nearly three quartkrs of a mile. 



Taking Mr." Smith's standard of 200 feet as the whole pressure at the 

 engine, w Inch, as he proposes to raise the water over a staiidpipe column, 

 may be considered sufficient,} the power of the engines required will be 

 equal to 2,389 horses, and should it be thought advisable lo increase the 

 pressure, the power must also he increased in the same ratio. 



In explaining ihe plan proposed to be substituted, Mr. Wicksteed ad- 

 dunes some general reasons for supposing that the cleansing of the metro- 

 polis would be secured elfectually by mechanical means, than t)y the tidal 

 action of tlic river. At present it is necessary to make the main sewers of 

 ?real capacity, because their contents can be delivered into the river, at or 



* Tliul tliis elevation may be expected in ca-es where it is nocessa'-y to go to a (tistar.cs 

 from tlie tov.o. seems to liave I'een anticipated by Jtr. Smiili himself, in bis statsraeut 

 qiuiifil in page 12 of this Report, where he states " That the water of most iowns can ba 

 (l■.spl)^cd of at from 50 to 100 feet, aud will seldom be required to be raised more tba* 



4(111 I'ect. 



t " Onelial: of the cost of the main pipe is only charged, as, from its position and ca- 

 pacity, it is sufficient to supplv other sections of land ol equal extunt."— See Mr. Smith's 

 Itepoit on the -Ipplication ol Sewer Water to Agricullur,il purposes. Published by the 

 Health of Towns t'oinaiission. 



t Tlie heiglit of the standpipe lately erected by me at the Grand Junct'on Water Worki, 

 near Kew Uridge, is about 2111 feet,— the height of the Alouunient is about 202 teet. 



