IS6 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



[JOMB, 



COUBIKING 8TEKL AND IRON. 



Charlbs Sanderson, of West-street, Shtffield, steel manufacturer, for 

 " improvemenli in combining steel and iron inio bars/or tyres for wheelt, 

 and/or ot tier purposes." — Granted Nov. 4. 1845; Enrolled May 1, 1845. 



In carrying out this invention it is proposed to take iron which has been 

 manufactured irjto a bloom in the usual way and of any required form, and 

 pass the same through rollers suitalily formed for making a cavity in the 

 iron, which is afterwards to be filled up with liquid steel in the following 

 manner. The tloom when in a hot state is to be passed between rollers or 

 )ianimers, so as to form an indentation or hollow sufficiently large to contain 

 the liquid steel intended to be incorporated with the iron as shown at fig. 1, 

 in which a represents the bloom, having an hollow formed in one of its sides, 

 which is to he covered over by a thin plate of 

 iron, b, welded to the two edges of the bloom, 

 so as to form a sort of tube, into which is to be 

 poured the melted steel ; the bloom is then 

 worked up into the form required by the usual 

 process of rolling or compressing, when the 

 steel will be found to be united with the iron 

 in the place required. In manufacturing roll- 

 ers, piston-rods, mandrels, &c., the inventor 

 takes a thin wrought-iron case or cylinder of 

 about -jJjj of an inch thick, the internal diame- 

 ter being equal to the diameter of steel intend- 

 Kg. «, Fig. J. 



ed to be manufactured ; within this cylinder is placed a rod of iron so as to 

 form a sort of core, having an annular space between the iron and internal 

 diameter of the case, equal to the thickness of steel intended to be cast or 

 incorporated with the iron. The bar of iron being placed within the tube, 

 and the same fixed in a vertical position, with the lower end closed ; the 

 melted steel is poured into the annular space, so as to surround the bar of 

 iron which forms a sort of core. The whole is then manufactured in the 

 usual way. 



For the purpose of melting the steel economically, the inventor describes 

 and claims as his invention a peculiar form of furnace (fig. 2), which shows 

 a sectional elevation, fig. 3 being a plan ; a represents the body of the fur- 

 nace, built of fire brick ; b are three crucibles for containing the steel to be 

 melted; c is a blast pipe, provided with a stop-cock, and is made to enter 

 the lower part of the furnace ; y are doors which can be opened for the 

 purpose of clearing out the furnace ; ff is the flue for carrying off the pro- 

 ducts of combustion, and is provided with a valve at A. The air from the 

 blast pipe c enters a chamber, from which it passes through holes, i. into 

 the furnace. 



The inventor claims the mode of manufacturing steel as described; and 

 also the application of a thin coating of iron, which protects the steel from 

 injury during the subsequent process of manufacture. 



PROPELLING VESSELS. 



Stephen R. Pabkhurst, of Liverpool, machinist, for "a method qf 

 propelling vessels." — Granted Nov. 4, 1845 ; Enrolled May 4, 1846. 



This invention consists simply in the application of seven, more or less, 

 oprigbt propellers on each side of the vessel. Fig. 1 shows one side of the 



Fig. 1; 



Tessel, with an end view of one of the propellers, and the position of the 

 Fig 2. remainder, which are enclosed in an iron case having 



circular recesses somewhat larger in diameter than 

 the diameter of the propeller, one of which is 

 shown in elevation at fig. 2. In fig. 1 it will be 

 seen that the blade or floats of the propellers are 

 made to project a little beyond the case on each side 

 of the vessel, and in order to jirotect them from 

 injury by coming in contact with other vessels, a 

 strong wooden beam, shown in dotted lines, is af- 

 fixed to the casing so as to project a little beyond 

 the floats of the picpellers, which are to he driven 

 by straps or other convenient means by the engines 

 on board. 



BAILWAT CARRIAGIS. 



Robert Miller Brandling, of Low Cosforth, Northumlerland, Esq., 

 for " Improvemenh i» railway and railway carriages Jbr the security and 

 convenience of the public." — Granted October 31, 1845 j Enrolled April 30, 



1846. 



This inventioL is saii' in 'he first place to consist in a mode of keeping the 

 wheels of the carriages upon the rails by the application of counteracting 

 pressures, and by means that do not cause any shocks. Secondly, in con- 

 structing the machinery by means of which the railway trains are firmly at> 

 tached to or released from the rope which dtaws them. Thirdly, in causing 

 the trains to pass upon the surface wiihout any obstruction to the usual 

 traffic along the highways; and fourthly, in conveying the machine and rope 

 below the surface, and also in a new mode of connecting the tractive power 

 to the ropes used in railways. The first part of this invr ntion consists in the 

 application of an additional rail on each side of the line of rails, as shown ia 

 the accompanying sketch, in which a a represent the additional rails, having 

 projecting ribs at right angles to the rails, on the underside of these rails 

 there is fixed the segment or portion of a rail ; i * is a piece of timber 



firmly attached to the framing of the carriage, the ends of which are made 

 to pass underneath the projecting parts of the rails a a, preventing the car- 

 riage from getting off the line, "without producing any shock," which we 

 very much question. The remaining portion of this invention appears to be 

 a pack of nonsence, the drawings and description of which are very imper- 

 fect, indeed so much so that it is next to impossible to understand them. 



arresting railway carriages. 



Dylrymi'LE Crawford, of Birmingham, for " certain improvements in 

 the means of, or machinery for arresting the progress of railway carriages 

 and trains."— Granted October 31, 1845 ; Enrolled April 31, 1846. 



The first part of this invention relates to a mode of working the breaks, 

 and consists in the application of a cylinder fixed in a br)riznntal position on 

 the top if one of the carriages. This cylinder is provided with a piston and 

 piston rod passii'g through a stufiing box in the usual manner at each end of 

 the cylinder there is a stop-cock. To the piston rod is attached a chain, the 

 opposite end of which passes round a pulley, fixed upon a short vertical shaft 

 this shaft gives motion by means of two S|iur wheels to a vertical shnft, the 

 lower end of which extends to the underside of the carriage framing, which 

 by a peculiar arrangement of mechanism causes the breaks of the several car- 

 riages to be brought into action in the following manner. Suppose the pis- 

 ton to he at the bottom or further end of the cylinder, the stop-cock tl that 

 end is closed, and the cock at the opposite end, opened the piston, is there 

 drawn by means of the chain and handle to the opposite end of the cylinder, 

 the consequence is that a vacuum will he formed in the cylinder, and a pres- 

 sure exerted on the piston in proportion to its area, both cocks are then 

 closed, .ind the mechanism for withdrawing the piston is put in gear with the 

 vertical shaft which gives motion to the breaks. It will therefore he seen 

 that when it is required to put the breaks into action it is only necessary to 

 open the stop-cock at the near end of the cylinder, when air will be admitted 

 to the cylinder, the pressure of which upon the piston will be transn,itted in 

 the manner describi d to the breaks. For the purpose of opening the stop- 

 cock a chain or rope is attached t'l the lever, and extemls the whole length, 

 of the train, sn as to be under the cnntiol of the engine driver, or any of the 

 guards upon the train. Another mode of wi king the hreaks is shown in 

 the annexed diagram. The top of the carriage there is a bent lever a, mov- 



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ing upon a fixed centre at a, b' ii a heaTy weight mounted opon wheels nd 

 supported by the lever a a, c ia a chain extendiDg along the carriages of the 



