366 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



[Nov. 



acting spring h. i, i, are friction plates, acting against the ends of the cy 

 Under to prevent it turning unless it be forced forward by the slide/, and k 

 is a small brush. 



PAPER STAINING. 

 Habrold Pottbr, of Darwen, Lancashire. Paper Manufacturer, for "im- 

 provements in printing or staining paper." — Granted April 1, 1840 ; Enrolled 

 September, 1846. 



Fig. 1. Fig. 2. 





f The improvement relates to the supplying of colour to the surface roller 

 a, for printing or staining paper, as shewn in the annexed engraving, fig. 1, 

 by an endless blanket or sieve cloth b, stretched over 4 rollers c, and to move 

 at the same surface speed as the roller a, in the direction shewn by the ar- 

 row. The various colours are put on the endles cloth b, by a hand-block d, 

 fig. 2, having several rows of studs e, which dip into a colour-tray, contain- 

 ing as many compartments as there are to be different colours. For staining 

 the paper the studs are dipped into the colours, and then placed on to the 

 endless cloth as shewn at d, and the colour so placed will be spread by the 

 cross-bar g, covered with woollen cloth, and pressed slightly against the end- 

 less sieve ; any excess of colour will be scraped off by the bar h. 



MANUFACTURE OF TILES. 



William Benson, of Allerwash House, Ilaydon Bridge, Northumberland, 

 Gent., for "certain improvemeiils in machines for the maimfaclure of tiles 

 and oi/ier plastic svbstayices." Granted January 15,1846; Enrolled July 

 15, 1846. — Reported in Netvton's Londo7i Journal. 



The object of this invention is to manufacture tiles, pipes, and other arti 

 cles, by forcing the clay or other suitable material through dies, secured to 

 the side of a mill, similar to an ordinary pug-mill. In Plate XVI., fig. 1, is 

 an elevation of the machine, furnished with dies for making both drain and 

 ridge-tiles at the same operation, fig. 2 a horizontal section, and fig. 3 a ver- 

 tical section, a is the cylinder of the mill, made of cast or wrought iron, 

 and fastened to a cast-iron bed-plate 4, by eight screw-bolts c ; this bed-plate 

 rests upon two pieces of timber d, d, about six inches square, and secured to 

 the foundation stones by four iron screw-boUsy; 17 is the vertical shaft of 

 the mill, with a bevil-wheel /i, keyed on its upper end, and taking into the 

 teeth of the bevil-pinion i, on the shafts, which is driven by steam, horse, or 

 other power. The lower end of the sliaft j works in a brass step k, placed 

 in a square box, and capable of adjustment by means of screws. The upper 

 end of the shaft g works in brass bushes, fitted in the iron carriage n. Near 

 the lower end of the shaft g there is a Uange, to which is bolted a cone, 0, 

 formed of wood or iron, p, q, are 23 arms or knives, fixed round the shaft 

 y, arranged in six planes, but there may be a greater or less number of knives 

 and planes ; for instance, a machine which is to be worked by one horse 

 should be of smaller dimensions, and would require a less number of knives 

 and planes, but in no case ought there to be less than three or four knives on 

 the two lower planes, and two on each of the upper planes, and there should 

 not be leas than three or four planes of knives. In the lower plane 6 curved 

 knives y, are inserted in the snaft g, in the second plane 6 straight knives 7;, 

 fixed immediately above the curved ones, the third, fourth, and fifth planes 

 3 blades, and in the sixth plane 2 blades, all set at an angle of 45°. It is 

 necessary that the bottom of the spindle should be conical, to facilitate the 

 passing of the clay to the bottom of the mill, and as much as possible to the 

 outside of the lower set of knives y, which, from their peculiar shape and po- 

 sition, press it through the dies r, r'. The dotted circles, outside the curved 

 knives, shew the position occupied by the clay when the spindle is in motion, 

 and as the clay descends in the mill, it is pushed towards the dies by these 

 arms, with the assistance of the cone. 



The dies r, r', are slipped into dovetail grooves », formed on the outside 

 of the cylinder a, and in the bed-plate b (see fig. 4) ; the shape of the open- 

 ings will necessarily vary with the form of the tiles or pipes required to be 

 made ; the dies represented in section at r', are for making drain-tiles ; and 

 the die at r for ridge-tiles, t, t, are the tables for receiving the tiles or pipes 

 as they come out of the dies, and are furnished with rollers «, a, which carry 

 endless bands or webs of flannel or other suitable flexible material. In fig. 

 2 the tables /, t, are shewn in plan view ; Nos. 1 and 3 are covered with the 

 flexible webs. No. 2 is uncovered but with the rollers inserted, and No. i 

 shews the top of the frame, without the rollers or web. w, w, are the tiles, 

 which traverse the endless webs by the motion they receive in coming out 

 from tlie cylinder a ; and as soon as a sufficient length of tile has passed on 

 to the endless web, it is cut off by the instrument x, commonly called the 

 " horse." 



In working this machine, tiles or pipes can be made on the four sides of 

 it at the same time, or at one, two, or three sides therof, or more, if required ; 

 and different sorts of tiles or pipes can be made at the same time. 



IRON MANUF.\CTURE. 



James Palmer Budd, of Yslalyfera Iron \Vorks, Swansea, Merchant, for 

 " imprurements in the manufacture of iron." — Granted February II, 1816; 

 Enrolled August 11, 1846. 



In burning coal, clinkers are produced and considered as refuse ; these 

 clinkers, it is proposed to apply in the manufacture of iron ; they may be 

 obtanied where large quantities of coal are burned in furnaces, or from 

 smith's fires and waste heaps of small coal, and also from refuse ash heaps of 

 many works which have fired and burned down, leaving a substration of 

 clinkers near the bottoms of the heaps. 



As clinkers are of a light porous nature, of small specific gi'avity, and con- 

 tain a large proportion of earthy matter, they will be found peculiarly suitable 

 for use in blast furnaces, with rich oxides of iron, cinders obtained 

 in the manufacture of malleable iron, hemieteter iron ores. The clinkers 

 when mixed with the rich oxides of iron in the blast furnace will lessen the 

 density of the mass and allow a freer passage for the blast, and supply the 

 proportion of earthy matters required for the perfect separation of the 

 iron. 



In charging the blast furnace the clinkers are generally to be combined 

 with rich iron stone, iron cinder, or ore in proportion to the quality of the 

 clinkers ; if rich in iron ore a smaller quantity is required than when they 

 are comparatively poor ; the proportion of iron in the blast must be below 

 50 per cent — from 40 to 45 per cent is the usual proportion. If the clinkers 

 contain less than 45 per cent, of iron, then a richer material, such as cinders 

 of malleable iron or rich iron ore is to be used therewith. When the furnace is 

 charged the usual fuel and fluxes are to be used with the ore and clinkers. 



REVIEWS. 



Elementary Text Booh for Yotmg Surveyors and Levellert. By Hen-rt 

 James Castle. Simpkin and Co. 1846. 



This little work is an abridgement of alarger volume published by the samSk 

 author, and intended principaly for the use of Students at King's College, 

 for which Mr. Castle is the Surveying Professor. The book commences iu 

 the usual way with a few useful geometrical problems and theorems, some 

 examples of mensuration, the description and use of various surveying instru- 

 ments, specimens of field-book and general instructions for land surveyiDg 

 and levelling. 



The description of drawing instruments partakes too much of the old 

 school ; no surveyor now would ever dream of using the parallel protractor 

 or scales engraved thereon, on the plea of the circular one being " too ex- 

 pensive." Those who desire to learn the practice of surveying, must not be- 

 grudge good instruments, for upon them of course greatly depend the accu- 

 racy of the work. The card-board protractor of Troughton and Sims, used 

 by the Ordnance surveyors, is an excellent one for theodolite service ; the 

 centre being cut out, all the meridians or bearings are laid down with the 

 parallel rules, without moving the protractor. This for traversing is invalu- 

 able, and particularly if all the work be contained within the circle cut out, 

 which being 12^ diameter admits of a tolerably sized plan. 



The cross-staff is also described, but this, as well as the parallel protractor, 

 is now entirely eschewed by practical surveyors, tho " optical square" being 

 an excellent substitute ; it is made upon the reflective principle of the pocket 

 sextant, but being required merely for right angles is much smaller and less 

 expensive. 



The off-set staff the author says is a " narrow slip of deal about 

 I J X 1, and generally 10 links long, divided into links ; and should be fur- 

 nished at one end with a small notch or hook to put the chain through 



