1846.1 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



375 



strictions from neiglibouring lands, and also for the protection of the work- 

 men from fraud and tyranny ; power to increase number of men, or to re- 

 move objectionable parties. 



" Tlie permanent fencing may consist of a brick wall, of which materials, 

 dimensions, footings should be given, by drawings figured ; and whether 

 set in mortar or cement, or in part. Or it may consist of a rubble wall, set 

 iu mortar, with half hammer dressed coping, accfrding to drawings and 

 dimensions. M here thorough stones or borders are to be inlroduced, it 

 should be mentioned, and the size of the stones limited, both fur ihe walling 

 and coping. Permanent fencing may also consist of a good set fence 

 and ditch, with a row of posts and railing lixed on the outside, according 

 to dimensions to be given. The posts and railing to be good oak or larch ; 

 the posts to be inches square, or 6 by 3 J inches, 3 fed ti inches out of the 

 ground, and 1 foot inches in the ground ; that part below the ground to be 

 •well charred, and llie posts to be from 7 to 9 feet apart. 



'* The soil underneath the cop must be carefully trenched over 12 inches 

 deep, previously to the cop being formed ; the cop must then be formed by 

 a rampailing of sods on each side, and the intervening space filled with 

 good vegetable soil; the cop must be planted in the monlhs of October or 

 November, P'ebruary or i\larch, wilh good white-thorn plants four years 

 old, having been transplanted from the seed bed three years. 



" The ditch to be 4 feel wide at the top, and 2 feet at ihe bottom, and I 

 foot (i inches deep ; the depth of the ditch must be varied, so as to carry off 

 all the waler flowing from the embankments or adjoining lands, and projier 

 comuiunicalions must be made with each intersected dram, so as ell'ectually 

 to attain the desired object, and drains must be formed under the cop, 

 at such intervals as may be requisite to carry of all the waler from the foot 

 of the embankments. 



" If the engineer should deem it necessary to increase the width of the 

 excavations or embankments, or to flatten the slopes, the contractor will be 

 paid extra for increased quantities, unless it happen that there is excess of 

 excavation, which would otherwise have to go to spoil, in which case the 

 engineer may direct the embankment to lie increased wiihout the contractor 

 being paid any extra sum, or, unless side-cutting berequireii, in which case 

 the engineer may direct the excavation to be increased, and the contractor 

 shall have no claim for so doing. 



" At the proper season the slopes must be sown with rye grass or white 

 clover seeds, at the rate of 2 bushels of the former to 6 pounds of the latter 

 per statute acre. 



" W henever any change is made in Ihe inclination of any of the slopes, 

 it must be done gradually, and in not less than 25 yards in length, unless it 

 occur at a bridge, in which case the inclination of the slopes may be dif- 

 ferent at each side of Ihe bridge. 



" During the progress of execution, great care must be taken to prevent 

 water from settling in the excavations and embankments, and any means 

 deemed fit by the engineer, must be resorted to in order to prevent it. A 

 ditch or channel, 12 inches wide and G inches deep, must be formed along 

 each side of the excavation, at the foot of the slope, to carry oil' the water ; 

 and if, in the opinion of the engineer, it should become necessary or advi- 

 sable, in any one case, to put open drains, formed wilh rubble pitching and 

 side walls, as shewn on drawing, the contractor shall be paid extra for such 

 increase of work, according to the prices set forth in Ihe schedule. 



" In the event of any soaks, springs or streams of water appearing from 

 the face of the slopes or otherwise, the conlraclor must, at bis own expense, 

 eBeclually drain ihe same, by means of drains or water courses, of rubble 

 or brushwood, put in such manner, and to such extent, as the engineer 

 shall deem expedient from time to time, to prevent such soak, spring, or 

 Stream, from injuring Ihe works during progress, and the whole of such 

 water shall be conveyed into proper drains. 



" Whenever the seat of an embankment occurs on side-long ground, the 

 same must be cut out in steps, sloping inwards towards the embankment, 

 and the material punned so as to prevent the embankment from slipping. 

 Should the seat of Ihe embankment be peat or other soft material, deemed 

 by the engineer unfit to bear Ihe weight, the contractor shall, at his own 

 cost, and ascording to instructions from Ihe engineer, remove the same, or 

 ctit out a trench, 10 feet wide, entirely through the pea', under the foot of 

 each slope, and till up Ihe same with good dry material, to be approved of, 

 carrying it feet above Ihe surface of the ground previously to the em- 

 bankment being tipped on it. 



" In bringing an embankment over any bridge, or culvert, the greatest 

 care must be taken to prevent any unequal loading; and any damage 

 caused by neglecting this precaution must be made good by Ihe contractor 

 al his own cost. Jn ihe case of culverts with side vsalls, a space of 10 feet 

 on each side, and over the top, must be punned to a height of S feel above 

 the culverts, and no greater height of embankment must, in any case, be 

 allowed to be tipped against or upon the culverts than the height already 

 laid upon the culverts. In the case of crossing of bridges in embank- 

 ments, the earth must be punned in each case, fur such a space as the en- 

 gineer may deem requisite, in no case being for a less space lliao 10 feel 

 from the abutment or wing wall, and the material must be conveyed acitiss 

 the bridge by means of baulks of timber laid so as to enable each side lobe 

 embanked equally at llie same time. 



'• Where the building of bridges may interfere with the traffic of roads, 

 and previous to any bridge works being commenced, a jiroper well-made 

 temporary road shall be prepared and made, which must be suliicient for 

 the free passage of carriages of all descriptions. The contractor must take 

 every precaution during the alteration, to erect proper fencing, tix lights, 

 and have a night watchman to prevent accidcuis, as the company will not 



be liable for any injury arising from any neglect of these precautions on the 

 part of Ihe contractor. 



"The bricks made use of shall be hard, sound, well shapen, thoroughly 

 burnt, and of uniform size, and unless made a year before they are used, 

 must be well salurated wilh water. No broken bricks will be allowed, ex- 

 cept where required as closers; and, in case of backing, the whole must 

 be flushed up perfectly solid wilh morlar, for which purpose, afler the out- 

 side course is set, Ihe morlar must he laid on Ihe interior space, and water 

 being poured on must be worked about until every joint is filled perfectly 

 solid. The whole must be built in old English bond, that is, in alternate 

 courses of headers and stretchers, and in case of thick walls, every third 

 and fourth course of the interior, must be laid a " Herringbone ;" the face 

 work must all be neatly jointed with a trowel, and struck with a slrait- 

 edge. No face work will be allowed to be Iniilt over-handed; no four 

 courses with three joints, must exceed in thickness, when built, three- 

 quarters of an inch more than the same bricks measure when piled on each 

 other without mortar. 



"No brick work or stone work shall be set in frosty weather. 

 " All Ihe slone used in the work should be sound, hard stone, free from 

 shakes, clay holes, beds, or flaws of any description : if desirable, describe 

 Ihe quarry ; it must he approved of by the engineer. No slone either in 

 the inside or outside work should break joint less than 18 inches ; the stones 

 iu the interior work should bond well with each other, and each course 

 well grouted wilh lime. 



" The ashler uoik shall lay in courses, not less than 12 inches thick, anri 

 wilh stones, not less than 4 feet by 2 on the bed, and laid alternately as 

 headers and stietchers ; all joints must overlap at least 12 inches. In all 

 cases where the engineer may deem it advisable, the whole must be 

 dowelled together with dove-tailed bard stone dowells, or cramped with 

 iron.* 



"The block in course shall be of stone laid in courses, not less than 7 

 inches thick, and each stone shall not be less than 12 inches by 18 inches 

 on the bed, laid allernalely as header and stretcher; and one-fourth the 

 length of each course shall consist of slones not less than 30 inches in length, 

 measuring from the face of the work to ihe interior, laid as nearly equidis- 

 tant as possible so as lo eflect a perfect bond with the rubble backing. 



" The rubble backing must consist of flat bedded slones, as large as can 

 be obtained. The whole must be carefully pinned and made solid, laid iu 

 mortar, and cut to a level surface at every course of the face work ; and 

 alter the next course of the face stones is laid, the interstices must be com- 

 pletely filled with thin mortar, the mortar being mixed with water, and 

 worked about until every crevice is filled perfectly solid. 



" When rubble is used for Ihe entire work, both on the face and iu the in- 

 terior, Ihe slones must be laid wilh great care so as to be perfectly bonded 

 together ; no stone must conlaiu less than a cubic foot except when used 

 only for pinning. 



" Pier points will consist of flat bedded stones, cut into uniform sizes, 

 not being less than 10 inches by 5 inches on the bed, and 3 inches thick ; 

 they will be used for turning tiie smaller arches. 



" Where desired by Ihe engineer in foundations, in parts below the sur- 

 face of the ground, or under water, or parts exposed lo wet, to any height 

 desired, the mortar shall be made wilh hydraulic lime, of a quality that 

 shall meet wilh the approbation of the engineer. No mortarwhich has set. 

 or become hard, will be allowed to be used. 



"The cement used shall be patent Lilhige, or Earle's cement, or any other 

 desired, but vvhichever be used shall be of the best quality, and shall be ap- 

 proved of by the engineer; it must not have more than one part of clean 

 sharp sand to two parts of cement, and these proportions shall be accurately 

 measured ; Ihe mixture shall be wetted only as required for use, and none 

 shall be used that has set or hardened. 



" The concrete must be composed of good coarse gravel, or broken stones, 

 either being approved of by the engineer, with an admixture of good sharp 

 sand. The gravel and sand must be n.ixed wilh lime, in Ihe proportion of 

 one part of ihe latter to six parts of the former. 



" Stone arches will be of ashler, block in course, or pier points. The 

 beds and joints of the slones must be worked lo accurate planes, and the 

 beds in Ihe direction of the radii of the arch. The greatest care must be 

 taken to cut the stone in the spandrils, so as to fit close on Ihe extrados of 

 the arch. 



" In all cases where Ihe arches are built askew, the courses must be in 

 spiral lines, at right angles to the face of the arch. 



" Pierpoint arches will be laid similarly to brick arches. 

 " Counterforts must be worked into Ihe boiiy of the arch, and tlie courses 

 below the springing of the arch must all be parallel to the radius of Ihe arcli 

 at the springing line. 



" .\s souii as the weather will permit, or when the engineer may direct, 

 the arch and backing shall be covered with coal tar. Or asphalte, properly 

 prepared and approved of by the enyiueer, may be used for this purpose, 

 whn h is to prevent water from sinking into Ihe arch ; and the contractor 

 shall be held responsible that the arches, backing, and spandrils shall be 

 made thus impervious. 



"Above this coating of tar or asphalte, and, when ordered by the en- 

 gineer, a coating of sand to the depth of G inches shall be laid, and above 

 this, ihe space must be filled wilh shivers of slone laid with a regular sur- 



* Though iron cramps are often used, they should not be resorted to without mucti 

 coilsideratioD, as the corrosion of the iron is sure to rend the stone sooner or later aud 

 where the iron is much exposed to atmospheric influence this will soon occur. 



