1S41.] 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



GO 



WOOD BRIDGE OVER THE RIVER CALDER, NEAR 

 COOPER BRIDGE, YORKSHIRE. 



For the use of the Hauling Horses on the Caldcr and HMle 

 Navigation. 1840. 



(mtk an Engraving, Plate 3. J 



William Bull, Engineer. 



The span of this bridge is 150 feet, the versed sine of the arch 

 8 feet, and tlie width of the roadway S feet. The abutments are com- 

 posed of solid masses of aslilar and rubble masonry. The arch con- 

 sists of two ribs of fir timber with cross and diagonal framing pieces, 

 as shown in the plan. The roadway is formed of 3 inch deal planks, 

 over which is laid a coat of pitch, tar, and gravel mixed, and laid on 

 hot to about one inch in tliickness. The ribs are formed of two thick- 

 nesses of timber in pieces of about 21 feet long each, and laid on each 

 other so as to break joint at eacli cross brace, where they are properly 

 secured together by vertical and horizontal (cross) wrought iron bolts. 

 The cross bolts having cast iron washers of about ten inches diameter 

 at each end, and the vertical bolts, which are in pairs, are connected 

 by two short straps of flat iron at the top and bottom of the ribs, tlie 

 straps passing across the joints of the wooil. The scantlings of the 

 ribs are as follows : at the crown of the arch 2 ft. 2 in. by 9 in., at the 

 abutments 3 ft. by 9 in. in two equal parts of IS inches deep each, 

 connected by vertical struts 13 inches by G inches, having the upright 

 connecting bolts, one on each side of tlie struts. 



The cost of the abutments, including the approaches at each side, 

 which are made so that the horses can pass, first under, and then over, 

 the bridge, so as to obviate the necessity of casting loose the hauling 

 lines, was about £lIOO, and of the arch about £170, making a total 

 costof about £1070. 



The appearance of this bridge is extremely light and elegant, 

 while the strength and stiffness is far more than adequate to the pur- 

 pose for wliich it is intended. 



The whole of the woodwork has gone under the Kyanizing process 

 after it was framed, and is, besides, either tarred or painted. 



THE DERBY ARBORETUM. 



Fig. 1. — One of the Pavilions forminjr the Terminations to the cross Walk. 

 Style of James I. 



[It aftbrds us much pleasure to be able to give the following de- 

 scription by Mr. Loudon of the Derby Arboretum, which was opened 

 during last summer; it is the munificent gift of a private individual, 

 whose patriotic example we sincerely hope will be followed by many 

 other individuals. Mr. Strutt not only gave the land, but also engaged 

 Mr. Loudon, one of the first Landscape Architects of the day, to lay 

 out the grounds, and render them suitable to the purposes intended, 

 which Mr. Loudon has done to the admiration and satisfaction of ail 

 parties.] 



The situation is in the outskirts of the town; the extent about 11 

 acres ; the form long, narrow, and irregvilar, as shown by the plan, fig. 

 2 ; the surface is flat, apparently level, but with a very gentle inclina- 

 tion from the north-east to the south-west ; and the soil is loamy, on 

 a gravelly or loamy subsoil. The situation is open, but not much ex- 

 No. 42.— Vol. IV. -March, 1811. 



posed to high winds ; water is to be found at the usual ilepfh to which 

 wells are dug, and there is one small pond whicli is never dry at any 

 period of the year. Every part of the ground admits of drainage ; but 

 all the drains must terminate at the south-east corner, where alone the 

 water can escape. The soil is particularly well adapted for the growth 

 of trees, as is evident from the belt which surrounds great part of the 

 grounds, and which was planted some years ago by Mr. Strutt. The 

 most important feature in this piece of ground, with reference to its 

 adaptation for a garden of recreation, is, that there is no distant pro- 

 spect, or view beyond the grounds, worthy of being taken into con- 

 sideration in laying them out ; or at least none that may not, in a very 

 few years, be shut out by the buildings of the town, which are increas- 

 ing fast on every side. 



The instructions given to me by Mr. Strutt respecting laying out 

 this public garden were, that it was intended to be a place of recrea- 

 tion for the inhabitants of Derby and the neighbourhood, and for all 

 other persons who chose to come and see it; that it should be open 

 two days in the week, and that one of these days should be Sunday, 

 during proper hours; and that on other days a small sum should be 

 required from persons entering the garden ; or yearly admissions should 

 be granted for certain moderate sums. That the garilens should be so 

 laid out and arranged as not to be expensive to keep up ; that a flower 

 garden and cottage, with the plantations already existing, should, if 

 possible, be preserved ; that a tool-house covered with ivy should also 

 be preserved ; that two lodges with gates, at the two extremities, 

 should be built; and that each lodge should have a room, to be con- 

 sidered as a public room, into which strangers might go and sit down, 

 taking their own refreshments with them, without any charge being 

 made by the occupant of the lodge, unless some assistance, such as hot 

 water, plates, knives and forks, &c , were required, in which case a 

 small voluntary gratuity might be given. That there should be proper 

 yards and conveniences at each lodge for the use of the public, apart 

 from those to be exclusively used by the occupant of the lodge. That 

 there should be open spaces in two or more parts of the garden, in 

 which large tents might be pitched, a band of music placed, dancing 

 carried on, &c. That certain vases and pedestals now in the flower- 

 garden, and also certain others in Mr. Strutt's garden in Derby, should 

 be retained or introduced ; and, finally, that some directions should be 

 left for the management of the garden. 



REASONS FOR THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE PLAN. 



In endeavouring to accommodate the design submitted to Mr. Strutt 

 to his instructions and to the situation, the first point determined on 

 was, that the whole interest of the garden should be contained within 

 itself. The mode of doing this was next to be considered ; when it 

 appeared that a general botanic garden would be too expensive, both 

 to create and to keep up ; that a mere composition of trees and shrubs 

 with turf, in the manner of a common pleasure-ground, would become 

 insipid after being seen two or three times; and, in short, that the 

 most suitable kind of public garden, for all the circumstances included 

 in the above data, was an arboretum, or collection of trees and shrubs, 

 foreign and indigenous, which would endure the open air in the climate 

 of Derby, with the names placed to each. Such a collection will have 

 all the ordinary beauties of a pleasure-ground viewed as a whole; and 

 yet, from no tree or shrub occurring twice in the whole collection, and 

 from the name of every tree and shrub being placed against it, an in- 

 ducement is held out" for those who walk in the garden to take an 

 interest in the name and history of each species, its uses in this coun- 

 try or in other countries, its appearance at different seasons of the year, 

 and the various associations connected with it. 



A similar interest might, no doubt, have been created by a collection 

 of herbaceous plants ; but this collection, to be eftective in such a space 

 of ground, must have amounted to at least oOOU species ; and to form 

 such a collection, and keep it up, would have been much more expen- 

 sive than forming the most complete collection of trees and shrubs 

 that can at present be made in Britain. It is further to be observed 

 respecting a collection of herbaceous plants, that it would have pre- 

 sented no beauty or interest whatever during the winter season; 

 whereas, among trees an(i shrubs, there are all the evergreen kinds, 

 which are more beautiful in winter than in summer; while the de- 

 ciduous kinds, at that season, show an endless variety in the ramifica- 

 tion of their branches and spray, the colour of their bark, and the 

 colour and form of their buds. Add also, that trees and shrubs, and 

 especially evergreens, give shelter and encouragement to singing birds, 

 to which' herbaceous plants oft'er little or no shelter or food. 



There are yet other arguments in favour of trees and shrubs for a 

 garden of recreation, which are worth notice. Herbaceous plants are 

 low, small, and to have anyefl'ect must be numerous; while, to acquire 

 their names, and look into their beauties, persons walking in the gar- 



