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THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECTS JOURNAL. 



[March, 



will be desolated, death will do bis work in every house, ten, twenty, 

 thirty cases of disease in one habitation — the leaven has worked, and 

 pestilence will go abroad to carry its warfare among the rich and the 

 beautiful, and teach its awful lesson of the common interests and common 

 liabilities of human nature. This is no exaggerated picture, no etfort 

 of the imagination, we can point out the districts, name the houses, 

 number the victims, — a fever map of the metropolis would be dotted 

 with black and livid colonies of death — here is the active volcanoe, 

 here is that which has had its day of ravage and now slumbers for 

 awhile — in that darkened alley, where there is scarcely a pathway for 

 the solit.iry visitor, sixty cases of fever have broken out at once — that 

 TOW of lodging houses forms one perpetual hospital, the surgeon is 

 never absent from its doors, the hearse is a punctual visitor. All the 

 evils, which we have depicted, may be brought about by ignorance or 

 negligence, and there is no remedy, except at the expense of the vic- 

 tims. The sewers are made from the general rates, the union officer 

 is sent to cure the sick, the weakened labourer, the widow and the 

 orphan become burthens on the poor rates, the public slumber, another 

 crop is prepared for the scythe, the same scene is repeated, and still 

 we remain inactive. It would be no exaggeration to say that the 

 portion of poor rates in Marvlebone immediately attributable to fever 

 colonies is not less than twenty per cent., a heavy penalty for private 

 cupidity and public negligence. It is therefore no valid interest for 

 which the landowner would ask protection, he has profited by a public 

 wrong, and on the remedy of that evil he must abide the consequences, 

 were they more severe than they are likely to be, while lie wiUecjually 

 profit by the public advantage." The results to be expected from an 

 efficient system of architectural hygiene are a diminished rate of mor- 

 tality among all classes, and a considerable reduction in the poor rates 

 —advantages, we presume, in the contemplation of which all private 

 interests must sink in the scale. The amount of poor rates for the 

 metropolis alone is above half a million, a sum the diminution of which 

 cannot fail to be a boon, while it will furnish a good set-off against 

 any expenditure which may be necessary under the new arrangements. 

 In the profession, as regards personal interests, the same compensation 

 will be the result, if any loss should be sustained by the builders of 

 low class houses, yet there is again in the increased activity given to 

 other departments. 



Taking up the bill itself, under these circumstances, and consider- 

 ing that it has yet to pass through committee, we shall bear but slightly 

 upon its individual details, for although many of them are highly ob- 

 jectionable, yet as a general feeling prevails that they will be amended 

 in the further progress of the measure, it would be but wasting the 

 time of our readers. The first clause by including every borough and 

 market town, necessarily takes in many places of small population, in 

 which the proposed enactment would be unnecessary, we should 

 therefore suggest, that there should be a general limitation, to the word- 

 ing of the clause any borough, market town, town or village, having 



more than thousand inhabitants. We certainly think that it is 



but equitable that those ))roposing to build on any property should 

 provide it with proper sewers ; streets are as much for the public as 

 for private use, but sewers are more for private use than for that of 

 the public. The second clause, which is retrospective, and requires 

 drains to be made for unprovided houses now existing, we think bears 

 particularly hard upon the occupier, and we hope will receive due 

 modification. The third clause provides for the alteration of foun- 

 dations on rebuilding old houses, and though it will prove burthen- 

 some, is a necessary consequence of the general tenour of the bill. 

 The seventh clause gives a usual and necessary povver to commis- 

 sioners of sewers to open any private drain, and the eighth, power of 

 compulsory cleansing of drains, water-courses and cesspools. The 

 seventeenth clause provides for the inspection of all proposed build- 

 ings by the surveyor, who is to see that the provisions of the act are 

 complied w ith, fixing a maximum fee of 3?. 10(.., and a minimum of 

 l.'is. The nineteenlli section enacts that houses are not to be built 

 below the level of the ground without areas. The •2Uth clause de- 

 clares that no close court shall be built nor any of less width than 20 

 feet ; the Marquis of Northampton who has already alluded to the 

 subject, will probably move as an amendment that the width of alleys 

 and' streets be regulated by the height of the houses. By the succeed- 

 ing clause houses may not be built back to back. The 23rd section 

 says that walls shall be founded on concrete ; the 24th that the level 

 of" the ground floor shall be at least 18 inches above the level of the 

 footway or road adjoining, and air bricks shall be built in the walls 'J 

 inches below the level of the floor, so as to allow of the free circulation 

 of air beneath. The 26th section is the one, which has excited the 

 most attention ; it provides that no room in any house having only one 

 room on the ground floor, or having only four rooms in all shall be less 

 than eight feet in height, and that in every such house there shall be 

 at least one room 12 feet by 12 in the clear. The next section pro- 



vides that every room containing 144 square feet of flooring shall liave 

 at least one window of specified si^e, which admits of being opened 

 freely. The restriction as to height and breadth appears to be bad, 

 as the object might be answered effectually by requiring a superficies 

 for windows of 14 square feet and a quarter. The 2rth clause de- 

 clares that cellars shall not be occupied as dwellings, but it seems very 

 difficult at present to carry such a jirovision into effect, for in Liver- 

 pool there are 35,000 persons living in cellars, and in Manchester 

 15,000, a population which it would be inconvenient suddenly to dis- 

 lodge. 



By next month the bill will have assumed a more tangible form, and 

 we shall then be enabled to consider in what way the clauses will bear 

 on the profession, but at present, with the prospect of extensive modi- 

 fications, we feel that this labour would be useless. 



THE HALICARNASSIAX :iIARBLES. 



The attention of the learned world h;is lately been much attracted 

 to the precious remains of ancient art still existing in .Vsia Minor. 

 The researches of the Dilettanti .Society had contributed not a little 

 towards a knowledge of some of its architectural monuments ; and the 

 labours of Captain Beaufort had opened the means of acquaintance 

 with the southern coast. But it was not until the publication of the 

 travels of Mr. Fellows, in 1S3!), that the public became aware of the 

 extent of the treasures that exist in that must im|iortant part of the 

 ancient world. In consequence of the interest excited by his work, 

 Mr. Fellows was induced to return to that country, under the auspices 

 of the Geographical Society ; and we are informed that the result of 

 his journey has been the acquisition for the British Museum of some 

 sculptures of a most valuable character, from Lycia ; and the construc- 

 tion of a correct map of a portion of classic ground which Lieutenant- 

 Colonel Leake describes as " a complete blank." So little was known 

 of the interior of Asia Minor, that it was left for Mr. Fellows to make 

 the discovery of various cities of great extent, with whose very names 

 no previous acquaintance had existed, among which one may be par- 

 ticularized numbering a population of not fewer than 30,000 souls. 

 We trust that the result of these researches will soon be brought be- 

 fore the public. In the mean while it is our present purpose to solicit 

 attention to the fact of the existence of some highly valuable remains 

 of antiquity at Halicarnassus, the ancient and celebrated capital of 

 Carya, in order that advantage may be taken of our present favourable 

 position with regard to Turkey, and that, while our fleet is in the im- 

 mediate neighbourhood, the sculptures in question may be rescued 

 from the ignorance and barbarism of their present possessors. 



Halicarnassus was situate on the coast of Asia Minor, near its south- 

 western extremity; and, upon the death of Mausolus, the King of 

 Carya, B.C. 330, it became remarkable as the site of that famous 

 monument erected to his memory by his Queen Artemisia, which gave 

 the name of Mausoleum to all similar structures, and which is so ela- 

 borately described by Fliny. The present name of this place is Bou- 

 droun, and it forms a part of the province of Anatolia or Anaboudl. 

 Boudroun appears to be, through the term Petrumi, as the Turks write 

 it, a corruption of Pietro, or " Castellum Sancti Petri." The best ac- 

 count of this spot and its antiquities, with which we have been able to 

 meet, is that contained in Dr. Clarke's Travds, vol. iii., pp. 25G and 

 20S. In a note on the latter page, he says, "We are indebted for the 

 information which follows, concerning Halicarnassus and Cnidus, to- 

 gether with the plan which accompanies it, to the observations of Mr. 

 Morritt, celebrated for his controversy with Mr. Bryant on the subject 

 of Homer's Poems and the existence of Troy. It is the more valuable, 

 because few" modern writers have visited these ruins; and certainly no 

 one better qualified for the undertaking : — 



"June 14, 17'.I5. — We set out in a boat from Cos, and in a few hours 

 regched Boudroun, the ancient Halicarnassus, a distance of IS com- 

 puted Turkish milvs. This small town stands on a shallow bay, at the 

 eastern extremity of the large and deep port of the ancient city. Cff 

 this bay lies the island mentioned in Strabo by the name of Arconnesos, 

 ApKoffTiiTos. (Lib. xiv., p. (iSU.) 



"June 15. — We tried to procure permission from the disdar, the 

 Turkish governor of the castle, to see the interior of that fortress ; but 

 after a long negotiation we were at last only permitted to walk with a 

 janissary round the open ramparts, his jealousy not permitting the 

 inner gates to be opened into the court. The castle is a work of mo- 

 dern ilate, but built in a great degree of ancient materials, confusedly 

 put together in the walls. There is a plate which gives a correct no- 

 tion of its general appearance in the Fuyagt PiUuresque. We found 

 over the door an ill-carved lion, and a mutilated bust of ancient work. 

 Old coats of arms, the remains probably of the Crusaders and the 



