rs 



THfi CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



TMabch, 



me to waite on liim at Marleborough, when he went to Bath with 

 his queen (wliicli was about a fortnight after), wliicli I did; and 

 the next day, nlien the court were on their journey, his Alajestie 

 left the (jueeii, and diverted to Aubrey; with the view wliereof, ho 

 and his royal liiiihuesse the Duke of Vorke, were very well pleased. 

 His Majestie then commanded me to write a descrijition of it, and 

 present it to him; and the Duke of Yorke commanded me to give 

 an account of the old camps and barrows in the plains." — Since 

 the time of -Mr. Aubrey, the destruction of this fine memorial of 

 past ages has been complete; the stones of which it was composed 

 having been broken up to serve as building material for the 

 modern village of Abury, situated within the ancient vallum. 

 The snake-head remained till within a few years, when the farmer 

 on whose land it stood had the stones removed and the ground 

 ]/loughed over. — Numerous small circles of stones are met with in 

 England and elsewhere, hut do not require any particular descrip- 

 tion. 



I shall leave the mention of the camps and cities of our Celtic 

 and British ancestors to a future period, and shall invite the 

 student, in the next Lecture, to return with me eastward, to 

 consider the Pelasgic remains of Greece and Italy, the architec- 

 ture of the Jews, and the ancient lemains of Asia Minor. 



LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 

 Hope's Hisiory of Architecture.— Sir W. Chambers. Arehlteeture of the Chinese. — 

 His'ory of Chine, in Edinburgh Encyciopiedia. — Sleptieiis' Central America. — Stephens' 

 Yucatan, — \Vi.td.-cic's Yucatan.— Kilto's History of Palestine. — Gailhabaud's Ancient 

 and Mjdtfrn Architecture. — Maurice, Antiqidties of Indiu. — Sir Aichard Colt Uoare, 

 Antiquities 01 Wiltshire.— Mallet's Northern AnUquities. 



ENGINEERING EMPLOYMENT. 



In our former article (p. 26) we made some remarks on engineer- 

 ing em|)loyment, and the opening there is in agricultural operations. 

 Since then, Mr. Cubitt, on taking the chair of the Institution of 

 Civil Engineers, and making his presidential speech, has taken up 

 the same subject {vide p. 41). We have latterly been under a 

 dearth of work, from the slackening of railway undertakings: but 

 it is to be hoped, with the awakening of trade throughout the 

 world, we have a better time before us. Nevertheless, there is 

 one great duty on every member of the profession, and that is, to 

 uphold it. A\'hat the members of the Institution bind tliemselves 

 to do, every menibor of the profession should likewise undertake. 

 Let each do something to increase the field of knowledge, and let 

 eacli do sometliing to increase the field of employment, for by 

 keeping up the common interests, so is the interest of each best 

 kejit up. 



The lawyer, being a trained man of business, has laid hold of a 

 wide field of employment. Although litigation is very profitable, 

 yet with the higher solicitors it forms but a small part of their 

 emoluments; they are the chief counsellors of the landowner and 

 the trader, in all money matters. They are agents for boroughs, 

 stewards for manors, advisers as to lending and borrowing money, 

 as to buying estates and selling them, marrying, settling, and will- 

 ing away. The counsellor who has a bosom knowledge of a man's 

 business, has a share in his well-being, and becomes his friend as 

 well as his adviser; knit up in the same undertakings, and having 

 the choice of every enterprise as well as the immediate rewai'd for 

 professional exertions. 



Men of property want, however, other advisers. The man of 

 law has no time for geology or chemistry, bricks and mortar, or 

 earthwork; these are what the engineer can undertake, if he 

 will but put himself in the way of doing so. The beginning of 

 the connection, however, is everything, and the reward to be 

 looked for is not immediate but permanent. It will often happen 

 in our ])rofessional jtursuits, as with the lawyer, that what costs us 

 most labour is of least worth to our client; and whatever we may 

 set up as to the labourer being worthy of his hire, modern poli- 

 tical economy is much fonder of another saw— that a man shall not 

 be asked to give more for anything than it is worth to him. In 

 one year the lawyer may do much work and get small pay; in the 

 next he may do little, and yet have the means of making the 

 highest charges. Nothing can be so valuable to a client aa a 

 proceeding by which a costly litigation may be saved; and yet the 

 attorney may not be able, by jiutting in all the conventional " six- 

 and-eightpences" he can, to screw up his bill to more than a pound. 

 So with the engineer, he may make half-a-dozen plans, and only 

 one be adopted, though uniiucstionably the time for all six is spent 

 in the work. On the other hand, the landowner cannot afford to 

 pay for five plans which are not worth a farthing to him. 



The merchant, if he knew he could have the services of an 

 engineer on moderate terms, would often refer to him — but the 

 landon ner has still greater need of such help; and it is to be re- 

 membered there are small landowuers as well as great one.=, as 

 there are small traders as well as great ones. There is very 

 little difference in the amount of talent and exertion required 

 between a little plan and a great one, but there is very much 

 difference between the means of remuneration; and this is what we 

 want the engineers, and particularly the young ones, to hear in 

 mind. Professional etiquette is a very fine thing; but what is 

 called professional etiquette in most professions is, like trades' 

 unions among mechanics, only a means of increasing the monopoly 

 for the big men, and rewarding the lazy and stupid from the 

 earnings of the hard-working. 



Here we will stop a while for a few words on "professional eti- 

 quette," which may in most cases be put in the common tongue as 

 "professional remuneration." Engineering is now acquiring a pro- 

 fessional organisation, and the time is near when the questions of 

 a professional test and professional etiquette will spring up, and 

 be worked to the injury of the profession, unless the members take 

 heed. Engineering is now an open profession, taking talent from 

 every quarter — from the coal-heap, the mine-shaft, the quarry, and 

 the work-bench, no less than from the desk and the college; and 

 it is to be hoped no coxcombry w ill ever be allowed to alter this 

 state of affairs, but that the field shall be free to all, and, above aH, 

 to the working man; and be it remembered, that after all that is 

 said, this is the only field of ambition open to the ingenious me- 

 chanic. The architects are mooting this matter of professional 

 test, and some of them want to have certificates; when, if they 

 could see their true interest, they would throw open the field for 

 admission, and invite more talent — whereas they actually propose 

 to shut out some of what they have, and have a ridiculous regula- 

 tion to cut off the surveyors from their body. As it is, the archi- 

 tects are being driven out by the engineers, who have no restric- 

 tions; and the struggle will be still less doubtful when it is the 

 few articled pupils against the talent of all England enrolled 

 among the engineers. Hitherto the architects have had the go- 

 vernment ])atronage, certain official appointments, knighthoods, 

 a share in the Royal Academy, and other good things. Notwith- 

 standing this, the engineers have beaten the architects in public 

 estimation; and notwithstanding the engineers have had the hos- 

 tility of the government, who have defrauded them of the public 

 appointments due to them, and put military officers and corporals 

 in their places. 



Professional etiquette or professional remuneration means that 

 there sliall be a certain scale — that a young man shall not charge 

 lower than an older one, and consequently, that the older one, who 

 is known, may be employed in preference to the younger one, 

 though the latter may have the talents of a Watt or a Stephenson. 

 As this doctrine is set u]) on a wrong economical groundwork, it 

 always works ill. It looks to the interest of the professional man, 

 and not to the means of his employer; and the class most injured 

 is therefore that of the professional men. Take the case of a 

 solicitor who has to deal with a uniform scale: many kinds of 

 business he cannot undertake, and for many he can get no proper 

 remuneration, because the scale has no reference to the benefit done 

 to the employer, but only to the work done by the lawyer. Take 

 the case of the medical men, who, by the results of professional 

 etiquette, have pauperised the working classes of this country, 

 keep up dispensaries for the benefit of "pure" physicians and sur- 

 geons, and the demoralisation of the out-patients, and who lose, 

 on the lowest estimate, a million a-year, whidi they might obtain 

 by small fees from the labouring classes. In France, a young man 

 can begin with a shilling fee, and he goes on increasing his scale 

 as his practice enlarges, so that we believe at Paris the highest 

 medical remuneration is higher than in London. So among artists, 

 they may begin with a shilling or half-a-crown, until their lowest 

 charge is two hundred guineas. 



There is many a man with three or four hundred acres, who 

 would like to know what he can do with them for the best; for 

 unless he keeps a sharp look out, his rents are likely to be much 

 lessened — not by free trade, but by protection and agricultural 

 ruin ; a war-cry which the farmers having been once taught by the 

 landlords themselves, are not likely to give up without getting 

 something by it. The farmers have already screwed down their 

 workmen, and they are trying their hands with the landlords to 

 get something off their rents. A landowner with a small holding, 

 cannot afford to send for a great engineer, or an engineer who 

 wants a great fee; but he would be very glad to have souud advice 

 as to what can be done. If he has minerals underground, that 



