Ill 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARGHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



[ApRlI., 



clire of the Kin"';, ne;ir Jerusalem, is uiidoulitedly Roman in 

 (ie.si"-ii • it is liv some supposed to be tlie woik of Herod, and by 

 others to be the tomb of Helena, (|iieen of Adiabene, who Iiail 

 become a convert to the .'ewisli faitli: there are still the remains 

 of a beautifully sculptured facade; a low doorway conducts into a 

 larjre chamber^ hewn out of the solid rock; from this branch off 

 several small crypts, with Icdnes on whicli to deposit bodies or 

 coffins; a flif^ht of steps leads to a louer set of chambers, similar 

 in form and arranjrement to those above: here some beautiful 

 white marble sarcophajji «ere found. 



The I'ondis of the Patriarchs are siHiated in the valley of Jeho- 

 shaphat, on the eastern i-iilo of the IJrook Kedron; the names 



. . . . . 'lacliariah, 



- „ M. do 



Cliateaubriand S])eaks of these tombs as displayinir a manifest 



assi;rneil to tliem are the Tombs of Jehosbaphat, James, Z 

 and .Vbsoliim; the two latter are tiie nuist elaborate 

 Cliateaubriand S])eaks of these tombs as displayinir a maiiiiesi, 

 alliance of the Esyptian and Grecian taste; "from this alliance," 

 he savs, "resulted a heterofreneous kind of monvimeut, formint^, as 

 it were, the link between the jiyramids and the Parthenon." 



The Tomb of Zachariah is shown in the enffravin^; it is mono- 



l:»l.:.. I ...^....r-t.^ ,,1- ■. c^.io.ii.il ii-!fli t'liiif arx.r-iimA Tiiliii. I>i>1iiniii^- 



columns 



1 lit; 1 OIUU t'l zj It end 11 (111 1? :mivii>ii hi iiit; ^ii^iiiviii^, IL 



lithic, and consists of a square, with four engaged Ionic 

 and two pilasters on each side. The Ionic are of the rudest kind, 

 and bear the stamp of irreat antiquity. The entablature is finished 

 with the ancient bead-aud-cavetto moulding, and the whole sur- 

 mounted by a pyramid. 





Tuinb of Zachnriah. 



The Tomb of Absalom consists of a mass of rock, 21 feet square, 

 standing in a recess of the hill which surrounds it on three sides. 

 It has two engaged Ionic columns and two pilasters on each 

 side; the frieze is ornamented with triglyplis; on this squai-e stands 

 a dome, and above this again a spire, the summit of which expands 

 like a bell-shajied flower. This is supposed to he the building 

 referred to in 2 Samuel, xxviii. 18: " Now Absalom in his life- 

 time had taken and reared up for himself a pillar, which is in the 

 King's Dale; for he said, I have no son to keep my name in remem- 

 brance, and he called the pillar after his own name; and it is called 

 unto this day, Absalom's Place." — The tombs of Jehosbaphat and 

 James are simple excavations. 



The art of fortitication was always encoui-aged by the Jewish 

 kings. Jerusalem, and especially its citadel, Mount Zion, was well 

 defended by strong walls and towers; tliese have now given place 

 to more modern fortifications. \V'ell may the Jews keep the Day of 

 Desolation in gazing upon Jerusalem, when of all the magnificent 

 and stately buildings that once adorned it, not a ruin remains: 

 hut, instead, Roman walls and Saracenic mosipies, telling of a suc- 

 cession of conquenu-s. Palestine has still much to engage the 

 attention of the antiipiary, but little, as has been seen, to attract 

 the architect in his in(|uiry into tlie architecture of the Jews. 



In the next lecture I shall speak of Etruria, stone buildings 

 after the wooden model, and the foundation of Home. 

 LIST OK Aurnounuis, 

 Ardent «nd IModern ArL-Uitecture, Gailliabami. — Tiavels in Greece, Dodwell,— Travels 

 in Greece, Dr. Clarke. — Tour in Greece, IJr. Woniswurlh. — Cyclopeiin and I'td-istiic lie- 

 mains, Ditdwtll.— Antiquities of Allien*, Stuart and Revett. — Desirizione (ii Cere Antiia. 

 Caniiia. — Magna Grieii'i, Wilkins. — Nntea on Vitruvius, W'iikina. — Hislory of Greece, 

 Grote.-- Cities iind Seitulclirea of Etruria. G. Ueiiiiis.— I' Italia a%-aiui il dnminio dei 

 Roniani, Micali.— Asia ftlinnr and I.ycia, Sir C. Fellows. — Travels in Asia Minor, Haniiltou 

 — Vuyagi's en 1' Asie Mineure, Lnliorde. — Viiya(,'eB en 1' Asie iMineure. Texier-- nmiii r. 

 Pope's Iranalation.— Bible History of Pjlcstiiie, Kilto.— History uf the Jews, Joseplnis. 



PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN. 



Riii/imciifiirii Tmitise on the Priiiriples nf Design in .Ircliiterlnre, as 



Dediii-ihlr frinn Xiiture, and E.remplifierl in the Works of the Greek 



(iiid Gothie AreUitectii. Ry EnwAiiD Lacy Gaiiiiktt, Architect. 



Parts 1. and II. London: W'eale, 1850. 



Wk have a well-known line of Homer, that "life is a mingled 

 skein of good and ill:" and this is what we must say of this book, 

 to give anything like a knowledge of it. There is ill enoii;;h in it 

 to condemn any book ; and yet there is as miicVi good as would 

 make a book. If it were a work on strict science, the failings 

 would be fati'l; but as it is on a debateable and unwrought subject, 

 |ierliaps we owe much to the writer for what is new, true, and good, 

 insteail of h:iving any right to blame him for what is otherwise. 



It was a token of health when the outcry began about the want 

 of taste and originality in building — this set men thinking; but had 

 this gone on, we should have been brought to a more sickly mood 

 than we were before. It is ea.sy to blame; any one can do that — it 

 costs nothing; even the youthful critic is sharp enough in findin;^ 

 out a blot, a blunder, or a want: and the world, always ready 

 enough at it, was set grumbling. Grumbling is good, if we have 

 not too much of it; but we wanted something more — we wanted to 

 know what was to be done, as well as what was not to be done. 

 That is the step to which we have now come, and it is a further 

 token of health. 



So long as humdrum swayed, woe betide the unlucky wight who 

 strove for anything new; the herd of dullness' sons soon brought 

 him to the gnninii. The way, however, is now opened; men may 

 think and do, if they know what to do; the chains of mock elas- 

 sicality are snap|)ed asunder, and skill is free. Slowly has a school 

 of criticism risen, such as we have never yet had: and if the laws 

 of knowledge are not yet settled, if the whole field is not beaten, 

 and every nook searched out. yet, we have ho])e before us, which 

 we have never had before. The works of Leeds, Pugin. Jopling, 

 Alison, A\^hewell, Willis, Hay, Fergusson, Ruskin, and we shall 

 have to say, of Air. G irbett, have each laid open somethinu new. 



If, however, anyone thinks all is now right, and watchfulness at 

 an end, he will reckon without his host. The cant of classicism we 

 have got rid of; but the cant of criticism threatens us. Quackery 

 is not so soon laid; it is a ghost which takes many shapes — and 

 when driven from one, grins at us in another. There is little need 

 of warning as to the 'Seven Lamps' of JNlr. Ruskin; quackery is 

 written on the forehead — the mysticism of the Seven Lamps wears 

 throughout: but there is likewise some of it elsewhere. 



To review Mr, Garbett's book, we should need to write another 

 at least as long, for at every leaf there is something to be said; but 

 as we do not feel the call upon us to undertake stich a task, we must 

 lighten our work by again telling the reader, that it is a book from 

 which he may learn a great deal, but must not believe everything 

 tliat is set down fin- him. The end Mr. Garbett has in sight is, to 

 lay down the laws of desiirn as drawn from nature; and this is a 

 great thing to be done. \\'hy he has so often missed, and why so 

 many others have missed, is from having gone about it in the 

 wrong way. 



The groundwork of all lawmaking is a thorough knowledge of 

 things. We hardly need Racon to teach us this; and yet all this 

 is to be done for the work Mr. Alison and Mr. liarbett have under- 

 taken. It was the want of this, which, under the Aristotelian 

 school, brought every kind of knowledge so low; and in nothing 

 ]ierhaps was this so striking at the new birth of learning, than 

 in the knowledge of beasts. Othello's gleanings of natural history, 

 "of men wiiose heads beneath their shoulders grow," were got from 

 the field of learning. The Hortus Sanitatis, or any other black- 

 letter book of the kind, will sliow what were the laws of nature 

 believed in in Shakspearian times: and so far as design goes, we 

 are not much better otf now, and on the very saioe grouml, inas- 

 much as no one has unilergone the toil of setting down evtjry shape 

 to be seen in nature, and "drawing the laws from them. The laws 

 have been drawn up first; such things as help them, brought for- 

 ward ; the things against them lett out of sight, or twisted in some 

 wrong way. 



The want of a sound groundwork has made much of Mr. Gar- 

 bett's buibliiiir rotten ; but we are bound to acknowledge that he 

 has done the bf-t he could. He has an earno>tness in his work, 

 an enlightened feeling, good knowledge of his business, and is 

 thiirouglily well read in the leiirning of art. He neither blindly 

 fidlows any man, nor stubbnrnly sets himself against him; what 

 bethinks right in any one, he takes with fair at^knowledgment : 

 and if he or any of the others had, indeed, settled the laws of 

 uiiture or of design, his would be a good hand-book on the subject. 



