130 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



[Apbil, 



Remarks made at the Meeting after the reading of the foregoing Paper. 



Mr. Smirkb said that heliad recently been much interested hj a cursory 

 inspection of some examples of old brick-work in Germany. At Hanover 

 anil Hamburgh there are churches constructed of brick, with windows 

 having deeply. moulded jambs, and slender mnllions of considerable height, 

 wholly of that material, lie thought that these instances might be ad- 

 duceil in corrolioration of a remark he had made here on a former occasion, 

 that we are in England scarcely aware of the great capabilities of terra-cotta. 

 The application of burnt clay to the purposes of ornamental architecture 

 seems to have been carried farthest in flat alluvial countries, as on the 

 eastern side of England and in western Germany, where, of course, good 

 building stone does not occur, and where the expense and difBculty of 

 transit in former times encouraged the use of artificial materials. In Nor. 

 folk and Sufl'olk, and the adjacent counties, many examples remain of 

 delicate ornamental brick-work. In parts of Germany this fabric is at the 

 present day far better understood than with us. The Bauscbule at Berlin 

 is a most remarkable specimen of Schinkel's genius: it is a building of very 

 great extent, and of most elaborate detail, entirely executed in brick-work, 

 unrelieved by any portion of stone. Its dark red colour gives to the build- 

 ing a somewhat heavy general effect, very similar to the red sandstone so 

 much used in some parts of England, but on a close inspection one is sur- 

 prised at the fineness and delicacy of the details. Throughout western 

 Germany bricks are worked with a fantastic ingenuity rarely visible with us : 

 by the use of various coloured bricks intermixed, an ornamental character 

 is given to the commonest buildings — somewhat whimsical perhaps to our 

 plain English eyes, but yet well deserving observation, 



Mr. Fowler, sen., had been struck when abroad with the curious speci- 

 mens of brick-work which he met with, particularly the Old Rathbaus, 

 Hanover. Schinkel's remarkable building at Berlin, whatever might be its 

 merits architecturally, was a striking example of what might be done in 

 brick-work or terra-cotta. The whole of that immense structure was of 

 that material, and it was certainly executed in a very extraordinary manner. 

 It was by no means striking in its outline. He would not have ventured to 

 say that in Berlin, where the worth of Schinkel's works must not be 

 doubted, but he would assert here, tliat as a piece of architecture it pos- 

 sessed no great merit. It did far greater credit to the person who executed 

 the work ; for the able manner in which the details were carried out was 

 surprising, and served to show, beyond what he would have conceived pos- 

 sible, the capability of brick-work as a material. These examples, in stricter 

 phrase, related to terra-cotta rather than to vulgar brick. 



Mr. Bellamy (the Chairman), remarked that Mr. Sharpe, of Lancaster, 

 had introduced terra-cotta to a great extent in the construction of- churches, 

 and with considerable effect. There was, however, at the present time, 

 rather an affectation in the application of brick-work, which it was not de- 

 sirable to encourage. He had seen instances in which the cost of ornamental 

 construction in biick had exceeded tliat of stone; whilst, notwithstanding 

 the beautiful etTect sometimes produced by a judicious combination of the 

 two materials, it must be admitted to fall short of that obtainable in stone. 

 The practical objection to the combination of rubbed and gauged bricks 

 with the ordinaiy huihling brick, by which bond is interrupted and not 

 recoveied for several courses, should not be lost sight of in adopting that 

 material. 



Mr. Donaldson considered that the absence of buttresses, alluded toby 

 the lecturer, (m the external faces of these brick edifices materially detracted 

 from ihi-ir cfft-ct. The massive buildings rising up with the landscape, pos- 

 sessed great nobleness in point of mass, hut at the same time they exhibited 

 great want of taste. High as their spires rose, and imposing as were their 

 dimensions, they were remarkable for a want of chiaroscuro and contrast, 

 which marred their appearance as works of ait. The influence of Flemish 

 taste in our brick-work was perceptible in many examples of past times, 

 ^hich might he accounted for by the fact, that the Flemish builders were 

 brought over to execute brick constructions similar to their own. But in 

 this country brick-work, as applied lo Gothic detail, had never been carried 

 to the same extent as in the low countries. Our travellers abroad had not 

 so much noticed, as they deserved, the edifices to which attention had been 

 diann by Mr. Fowler, for the surface of many had been coloured over with 

 a light lint, and they appeared to persons passing through those towns as 

 though they were really of stone, instead of being simply of brick construc- 

 tion. 



A vote of thanks was then passed unanimously to Mr. Fowler, for his 

 interesting commuuicatiou. 



Ploughing by Steam —A trial in this way was made at Grimsthorpe, on 

 the 7th ult, by Lord Willoughby de Eresby. It will be sufficient at present 

 to say tliat the machinery emjdoyed consisted of a small locomotive engine, 

 witli a capstan attached, moving on a portable railway. An ordinary plinnjb, 

 followed closely by a sulisoil plough, was drawn by a chain from the capstan, 

 working with perfect precision, and at a greater depth and speed than usual. 

 Several gentlemen and farmers who were present, expressed a favourable 

 opinion of tlie experiment. Should the plan be found advantageous, it will 

 be published m full fur the benefit of the public. 



-MOTION OF WATER IN PIPES. 



On the Motion of Water in Conduit Pipes; on Friction and Pres- 

 sure in Pipes; and on Jets d'Eau. By M. D'Avbvisso.v de Voisi.vs, 

 Iiiffenieur en chef Directeur au Corps Royal des .Mines, &c. &c. 

 — (Translated by T. HowAan, for the Civil Engineer and Archi- 

 tect's Journal.) 



[The Work, of which the present translation forms a part, must 

 be considered as the most important and complete modern treatise 

 on Hydraulic Engineerinff. In it the author has, with admirable 

 clearness and precision, treated the entire question of the Motion 

 of Fluids; and this in siuh a way as to render it equally inviting 

 to the practical and the scientific man. The object of the trans- 

 lator is to supply a want which English engineers must long have 

 felt — that of an intelligible e.xplanation of the Motion of Water 

 in Pipes; and in carrying out this object, he has considered it due 

 to M. d'Aubuisson and the public, to give the exact meaning of 

 the author as literally as possible. On the same principle, the 

 original equations are given, as well as the same reduced for Eng- 

 lish feet; for though these reductions have been carefully made, 

 more confidence will be felt in important calculations, where both 

 can be referred to. — Unless otherwise expressed, the whole of the 

 dimensions in the examples are understood to be in English feet, 

 and the time in seconds.] 



Similarity of the Motion in Pipes and in Canals. 



I. In a long, inclined pipe, as in a canal, water moves by 

 virtue of its gravity or weight, or rather that part of its weight 

 called into action by the slope of the pipe: the accelerating force 

 in both cases is <///.* So that, if to the upper part of a reservoir 

 M, we adapt at .\B, either a canal or a long pipe, — granting that no 

 obstacle is opposed to the action of this force, the fluid will issue 

 at the point B, with a velocity due to the height EB. 



At the commencement of an open canal there is no exercise of 

 pressure on the entering fluid; while there usually is a pressure at 

 the head of pipes. For example, if we bring the pipe AB down 

 to t'D, we shall have at C a force of pressure, in consequence of 

 which the water will enter into the pipe with a velocity due to 

 the height AC. According to the first principles of accelerated 

 motion, this velocity should be added to that which the fluid 

 acquires from the eifect of the slope from C to D; so that, every 

 obstacle being removed, it will issue with a velocity due to AC 

 + FD, or to ED, the height which represents the force, in virtue 

 of which the flow tends to take place. 



In every other respect, this case may again be compared to that 

 of a canal: if we prolong CD up to G, level with the surface of 

 the reservoir, and make a canal from (1 to D, the water will 

 still tend to run out with a velocity due to ED. Thus, in both 

 cases, in pipes as well as in canals, the accelerating force and the 

 efl^ects wliich it tends to produce, are the same. 



L'nder the influence of such a force, the motion in pipes should 

 be continually accelerated; and yet, at a very short distance from 

 their origin, it is perceptibly uniform. There must then be, beyond 

 that distance, an opposing force which continually destroys the 

 efl^ect of tlie former. This opposing force can only be the resist- 

 ance of the sides of the pipe; a resistance which, as in a canal, 

 arises from the adherence of the fluid particles to these sides and 

 amongst each otlier. 



Thus in pipes we have the same accelerating and retarding 

 forces as in canals; the motion therein is of the same nature: and 

 we may say that pipes differ but in one point from canals — that of 

 having the upper part of the channel closed. 



Meanwhile, this diflerence in the form of the channel gives rise 

 to peculiar circumstances in the movement, which demand special 

 consideration: they will form the subject of this chapter. 



* ff being velocity acquired from force of gravity in 1 Becond=32'ly feet, lat, of London. 

 p lemg rate ut slope, or iall^ length. 



