231 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL. 



LJlLV, 



save labour to professional men, will be welcomed. There is one 

 part of Mr. Kyile's l:ibour.-i which niii^ht have been better applied : 

 he lias "iven bis relative pro])ortions in cliains horizontally, and 

 feet verUcally; instead of this it would have been better bad he 

 taken the foot measure instead of the link, botli horizontally and 

 vertically. It has been found practically better to use the 100 feet 

 chain instead of the 100 links in setting out railway works. 



ArchiUrtural Sketches, Italy. By T. C. Tinklek, Architect. 

 The number now before us gives several details of the Villa 

 Madama, near Rimie, lately destroyed by the French: they chiefly 

 exemplify a loggia. The Villa Borghese, though sketched on a 

 small scale, is very picturesquely shown. Bits from the Campagna 

 are sketches of several country buildings, showing the general 

 effect and arrangements, and are of some interest. 



Drawbiy from Objects. By Hannah Bolton. London: Groom- 

 bridge. 1850. 

 This is a work founded on the system of drawing from common 

 geometrical forms, which is now so prevalent in this country, and 

 in which the writer has had much experience, having taught, in 

 the last si.v years, nearly two thousand pupils, many of them 

 teachers of national and infant schools. For a work of this kind 

 it is well carried out, and in a liberal spirit; but we adhere to the 

 opinion that it is better to begin with natural objects, instead of 

 tlie stiff forms taken from conventional geometry. 



The Teloti/pe — a Printing Electric Telejraph. By Fbancis Galton, 

 Esq., M.A. London: \\'eale. 1950. 

 Tills pamphlet describes at length Mr. Galton's invention, the 

 object of which is to print messages in the ordinary alphabetical 

 characters, and for which many ingenious contrivances are intro- 

 duced. As the plan requires several engravings for its e.vplanation, 

 we are unable to compass it in a short description. 



WATER SUPPLY FOR LIVERPOOL. 



Repokt of Robbm Stephenson, C.E., on the Supply of Water 



to the Town of Liverpool. 



{Continued from page 193.) 



I now proceed to answer the first question in the Minute of 

 January, 11, viz. — 



'•Whether a supply sufficient, as regards quantity and quality, for the 

 present and prospective ivants of the town and neigltbourhood, including 

 doinpstic, trading, and Tnamfac taring purposes, and shipping, and for 

 public purposes — viz., watering and cleansing streets, flushing sewers, 

 extinguishing fires, and supplying public batlts and wash-houses, can 

 be obtained by additional borinrj or tunnels, or otherwise, at the present 

 stations — viz., those purchased from the Companies respectively, and 

 from tlie Green Lane Works, now vested in t/ie Corporation, and the 

 cost of obtaining such sufficient supply /" 



It is, I believe, admitted that the population at Liverpool to be 

 supplied with water is about 4-00,000, and that an efficient supply 

 fur large towns is not less than twenty gallons per individual 

 daily; thus the total quantity required at the present time is 

 K,O0b,O0i) gallons a-day. In the Report made by the Health of 

 Towns (Commissioners, it is stated that the increase of inliabitants 

 in Liverpool was, for the ten years between IS31 and 184-1, 39. Ci 

 ))er cent.; we shall probably, therefore, not err much in supposing 

 the population to be supplied in lS(il will be 557,500, and the ne- 

 cessary quantity of water conseiiuently augmented to 11,150,000 

 gallons a-day. But, in the first place, I shall consider the various 

 .schemes which have come before me in reference to a population 

 requiring 8,000,000 gallons only. 



My e.xperiments to determine the yield of the wells are detailed 

 in several tables of the Appendix, No. 1 of which gives those 

 made to ascertain the effect of one stroke of the pump at each 

 station; and, as the correctness of the final results depended on 

 the accuracy of this element, much time and labour were given to 

 the subject. Implicit reliance may therefore be placed on the 

 exiierimi'iits, which were made by disdiarging the water from the 

 |)umi) alternately into two tanks of known capacity (one being 



emptied while the other was being filled), and repeating this 

 operation for a considerable length of time. 'I'he total quantity 

 of water thus measured, divided by the number of strokes, of 

 course gives the content of one stroke, 'llie p\imps, buckets, and 

 clacks were tried in various conditions and under different pres- 

 sures of water, and the utmost care was taken to secure the same 

 relative conditions throughout the duration of the experiments, 

 so as to obtain both the delivery of each stroke and the yield 

 of the well. 



At the AV^indsor station, where the engine was single-acting and 

 the length of stroke variable, an apparatus was applied for the 

 purpose of registering the exact distance passed through by the 

 pump-rod; and, by reading the index of this instrument, and 

 taking the number of strokes as given by the counter, the average 

 lengtifi of stroke for any period was ascertained; and thus the 

 total ([uantity of water discharged accurately determined. It was 

 intended to have used this instrument at Green Lane also, but as 

 it was required at ^V'indsor to measure the increased yield during 

 the progress of the boring, this could not be done. The yield of 

 the Green Lane well was in consequence ascertained by proving 

 the delivery of the pump, when working at a known length of 

 stroke, by means of the tanks, and afterwards confining the length 

 of stroke, throughout the subsequent experiments, as nearly as 

 practicable to the same standard. The yield of the well at 

 Bevington Bush, and the delivery of the pumps at the Bootle 

 Station, were determined by pumping into a reservoir of known 

 capacity and regular shape, at Kirkdale. 



Table No. 2 shows the yield of each of the wells at various 

 levels; Table No. 2 a the maximum yield; and Table No. 2 b the 

 yield at the working levels of the last quarter of 1849, as proved 

 both by the Dip-books and by my series of experiments. 



These tables show that the maximum yield of all the wells in 

 the possession of the Corporation amounts to 5,170,186, the mini- 

 mum yield to 3,320,990, and the yield at the ordinary working 

 level to 4,216,784 gallons per 24 hours. This, as recorded in the 

 Dip-book, shows at corresponding levels a delivery of 3,834,758 

 gallons, which is as close an approximation as could be looked for. 

 Mr. Hocking reported to Messrs. Simpson and Newlands that the 

 yield of the'wells was 4,220,969 gallons in April, 1849, but as the 

 weekly pi'oduce is divided by six instead of seven, this amount 

 ought to be 3,677,972 gallons. From all these results it may be 

 inferred that the existing wells are yielding about 4,000,000 gallons 

 a-day. 



After the full explanation, in the preceding pages of this report, 

 respecting the action of wells on each other, and the mode by 

 which the water is transmitted throughout the body of the sand- 

 stone, it will at once be perceived that the expectation of much 

 augmenting the supply of the present weUs, either by sinking, 

 boring, or tunnelling, cannot be entertained. 



I am satisfied that any increase occasioned by deepening these 

 wells will be temporary, and only take place to the same extent as 

 the private supply of water is diminished. This would necessarily 

 lead to the deepening of the private wells, which has already been 

 done to a considerable degree; and when finished, would leave all 

 parties in the same relative positions, except that they would have 

 the same quantity of water, or a very little more to lift a greater 

 height; and it cannot be doubted that a large proportion of any 

 increase would be derived from the River Mersey, as all the wells 

 are now sunk to or below the level of low water, and many yield 

 brackish water. 



Another theory of Mr. Gage may be here specially referred to. 

 It seems to be that the water flows into wells from beneath, and is 

 made to do so entirely from statical pressure, acting at a great 

 distance and elevation; but the ascertained levels of the water in 

 the sandstone and wells are to me totally irreconcileable with this 

 notion, for if the pressure upwards which he supposes to exist 

 were really operative, the level of the water in the sandstone 

 ought to be uniform or very nearly so, which is certainly not the 

 case. In the first exposition of his views he stated that the water 

 flov.s through large fissures with comparative freedom, and sup- 

 ported this by pointing out the specific chemical differences in the 

 water from adjoining wells; but this is no proof of his correctness, 

 as the sandstone itself is far from being of uniform composition, and 

 may give rise to much variety in the constituents held in solution, 

 while the character of the surface in the vicinity of the well may 

 also influence the quality of the water in the sandstone. Could 

 the iirobability that the supply of water is derived from the Welsh 

 or Ycirksliire hills in any way be imagined, the friction alone, 

 which is an ascertainable quantity under known circumstances, 

 would prevent the possibility of the rapid flow of the large 



