ISJO.] 



THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT'S JOURNAL, 



259 



Amounting together to 



9,222,103 



14,057,710 



AniHeaMiig for Liverpool .. 



Kut liy Clause 59 of the Act the Corporation are in effect 



empowered to supply Wigan from another source with . . 800,000 



And under Clause 62 to contract with other parties for the 



compensation down the Roddlesworlli for .. .. 1,846,000 



So that there is availahle for Liverpool, supposing the powers 



of Clauses 59 and 62 to be acted upon, .. .. 16,703,710 



The capacity of the reservoirs is stated hy Mr. Newlands to be 

 2,849,000,000 gallons, and by Mr. Hav\ksley' 3, 156,000,000 gallons; 

 which difference is caused by the addition, when required, of two 

 feet to their depth by moveable shuttles or flush-boards on the 

 weir, — an intention probably unknown to Mr. Newlands. 



The yield per day or month is only known during 1847 and 1848, 

 and its irregularity is so great even in these years as to render it 

 impossible to calculate with accuracy upon the quantity a month 

 of any other year by the rain-fall only. As an instance of this, 

 taking tlie month of January in each year, we find that in 1847 an 

 inch of rain-fall produced 330,500,000 and in 1848 only 216,100,000, 

 although in the previous month of December, 1847, 8 inches of 

 rain had fallen, and in December, 1846, only 3'9 inches. Again, 

 in February, 1847, one inch yielded 266,900,000, but in February, 

 1848, only 147,100,000, altlio'ugh in the month of January, 1847, 

 only r9 inches of rain had fallen, and in January, 1848, 3'1 inches. 

 This is sufficient to show the absence of a rule which would justify 

 the construction of any balance of account for each month of those 

 years v\hen the actual flow was not measured, and I have therefore 

 made out tables, showing the quantities flowing into, abstracted 

 from, and left in the reservoir during 1847 and 1848, and propose 

 from them to be guided in reference to the capabilities and equal- 

 ising eft'ect of the reservoirs during other years. 



In these two years, 22,800,000 gallons "a day might have been 

 taken out, and still have left the reservoirs full at the end of them, 

 and never containing less tlian 1,376,580,000 gallons, but in the 

 six years from 1843 to 1848, 2,400,000 gallons a day less water 

 woud have flowed into the reservoirs, which would have reduced 

 this minimum quantity to about 950,000,000 gallons. 



It may be fairly assumed that practically the storage capacity 

 proposed (3,156,000,000 gallons) is sufficient to ensure the supply 

 of about 12 or 13,000,000 gallons a day with the whole compen- 

 sation, or of about 15,000,000 gallons a day with the compensation 

 reduced according to clauses 59 and 62 of the Act of Parliament ; 

 and there will be little difficulty and no considerable expense in 

 raising the embankment so as to increase very largely the capacity 

 of the reservoirs, as all the lands on their margin up to a level of 

 five feet above the present top water mark can be purchased 

 according to the notices which have already been given, and tlius 

 a supply to Liverpool of 14,000,000 gallons a day with the whole 

 compensation, or of 16,000,000 gallons a day with the reduced 

 compensation, may be insured. 



In support of the adequacy of the storage room, the case of the 

 Belmont Reservoir was adduced, which, with a water-shed of 1800 

 acres and capacity of reservoirs of 75,000,000 cubic feet, supplies 

 15 feet a second for 12 hours a day on 313 days a year, or 3,463,011 

 gallons a day of 24 hours throughout the year. The proportion of 

 the water-shed is about one acre to 41,666 cubic feet of reservoir; 

 and, comparing the two reservoirs, the Belmont having delivered 

 3,463,011 gallons, that proposed at Rivington, with a water-shed 

 of 10,400 acres, will be capable of delivering 23,383,103 gallons a 

 day. 



The area of water-shed of the Bolton Waterworks is 520 acres, 

 the capacity of reservoir being 20,860,077 cubic feet, and the evi- 

 dence of Mr. Jackson is to the effect that 900,000 gallons is sup- 

 plied to Bolton a day, or 18 gallons to each individual. The pro- 

 portion of water-shed to tlie content of the reservoir is one acre to 

 40,115 cubic feet, while tlie proportion at Rivington is an acre to 

 48,694 cubic feet. At the Manchester Works the proportion of 

 area of water-shed and capacity of reservoirs is an acre to 34,000 

 cubic feet. 



The statement is made as independently as possible of any 

 assumption or hypothesis in reference to the periodical supply to 

 the reservoirs, or the variable loss which may be due to evapo- 

 ration; the meteorological facts positively established in relation 

 to the Belmont district, being alone taken as the basis of the cal- 

 culations for the purpose of analogy. The rain-fall at Belmont 

 during the years 1847 and 1848 is compared with the actually 

 measured discharge of the streams from the Rivington district 

 during the same period; but as this was an unusually wet period, 

 the average discharge of the latter district is reduced, as before 



stated, in the proportion pointed out hy the Belmont rain-gauges 

 over this period, and that of six years, and the only source of 

 error which I can discover in the process arises from the possible 

 concurrence of two or three very dry seasons consecutively. 



The mode of calculation which I have adopted does not fully 

 justify the expectation of obtaining a daily supply of 16,000,000 

 gallons, together with the quantity required for compensation, 

 although expedients are within reach at a moderate expense to 

 realise this quantity. The results leave so considerable a margin 

 as regards the storage capacity of the reservoirs, that an uniform 

 supply of 12 or 13,000,000 gallons a day may, in my judgment, 

 be reckoned upon with absolute certainty. 



Mr. Hawksley's estimate for engineering works and land amounts 

 to 389,800/., of which 213,400/. is for the main pipe, leaving 1 76,400/. 

 for the remaining works and land. 



The only large item in this estimate to which the scale of prices 

 does not apply, is in the laying of the main pipe from Rivington to 

 Liverpool, anil on this portion of the work the contingencies may 

 be considerable; but on the whole of the remainder of the items 

 in the estimate I do not believe that more than the usual per 

 centage for contingencies is necessary. This observation, however, 

 is not to be taken as applying to the item of land, of which valua- 

 tions have been made by three parties appointed by the Corpora- 

 tion, and their estimate amounts to 39,408/., — a sum which, 

 although much beyond the agricultural value of the land, will, 

 from my experience in such matters, fall short of the actual cost. 

 In the evidence of this item given before me, great stress was laid 

 upon the onerous severances that would be occasioned by the con- 

 struction of wide reservoirs, which it would be impracticable to 

 mitigate by the formation of roads and bridges. This led me to 

 inquire into the facts, and to examine the plans on which the 

 various properties are designated, and they show that with one or 

 two exceptions no actual severance will occur, in consequence of 

 the brook leading from the head of the Anglezark Reservoir down 

 to Norwich forming generally the boundary of the estates and 

 townships. 



In considering the adequacy of the estimate for engineering 

 works, I have, as already stated, been guided by the prices which 

 have been paid in this as well as other districts; and, in addition, 

 a tender was produced in the course of the inquiry from a respect- 

 able contractor well acquainted with the locality, and who had 

 examined the proposed works, offering to execute them on a scale 

 nearly identical with those contained in Mr. Hawksley's estimate. 



To the estimated cost of the land and works, 1 have added 25 

 per cent, to cover unforeseen works and superintendence, making 

 the total amount 487,250/.; and I believe that the Rivington pro- 

 ject is adequate to the present and prospective supply of the town 

 of Liverpool, and may, together with all compensations, be realised 

 at a sum of (say) 500,000/. 



The annual expense on the supposition of a 

 supply of eight million gallons a-day by these 

 works, including the depreciation of the main, 

 will be ... ... ... ■.. — i-^GOO OS. Od. 



To which is to be added the interest on the 

 capital of 500,000/. say at 4i per cent. ... £22,500 0*. Orf. 



Giving a yearly charge of ... ... £28,100 0^\ Orf. 



And for further supplies there will be an additional charge by 

 reason of the increase of interest for money expended on tilter- 

 beds and the cost of maintaining tliem. 



CTo be continued.J 



WATERWORKS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



A good sample of the water supply of the American second-rate 

 towns is to be found at Richmond, in Virginia. It consis_ts in two 

 water wheels (set in motion by the James River), of 18 feet 

 diameter, by 10 feet wide, with a 10 feet fall; they are undershot. 

 The pumps are 9 inches diameter, with a 6 feet stroke, and they 

 lift 400,000 gallons every 24 hours for each pump. The reservoirs 

 are placed at a height of 160 feet above low-water mark in the 

 river, and are two in number, each being 194 feet long, by 104 feet 

 wide, by 10 ft. 8 in. deep. The pipes from the pump-house to the 

 reservoirs are 8 inches in diameter; and there are two filters 

 through which the water passes previously to being distributed. 

 The total cost of the works, without including the distribution, 

 was about 20,000/. . ^ __ 



At Philadelphia, the supply is effected by a very important 



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