236 LEPIDOPTERA. 



which are generally concealed, but are apparent in the smaller 

 and lower moths, Crambus and the Tineids. They are usually 

 from two to three-jointed, and even five to six-jointed, as in 

 Tinea granella, and longer than the maxillae, thus resembling 

 the Phryganeidce , or Caddis flies. 



In seeking for honey with their long maxillae, the Lepidop- 

 tera play an important part in the fertilization of plants, 

 especially the Orchids. 



The ocelli are often present, though they do not form a tri- 

 angle on the vertex, as there are only two, the third and most 

 anterior one being absent. The eyes are large and globose, 

 and vary in their distance apart in different families. 



The antennae vary greatly ; they are either filiform (Fig. 172, 

 a), or setiform (Fig. 172, &), or fusiform, as in the Sphinges 

 (Fig. 172, c), or club-shaped, as in Papilio (Fig. 172, d). They 

 are rarely entirely naked, but are finely ciliated (Fig. 173), or 

 have a pair of bristles on each joint (Fig. 174), which are 

 sometimes tufted (Fig. 175). The joints are sometimes toothed 

 (Fig. 176), lamellate (Fig. 177), serrate (Fig. 178), or pec- 

 tinate (Fig. 179). 



The thorax in Lepidoptera is remarkable for the small size 

 of the first, or prothoracic ring, the mesothorax being highly 

 developed. In Telea (Figs. 11 and 12, on page 11) the Char- 

 acteristic form is well shown. The tergal arch of the pro- 

 thorax is almost obsolete, the scutum alone being represented 

 by a corneous piece, while the pleural parts are more developed 

 as supports for the forelegs. In the mesothorax the prae- 

 scutum is present, but is usually vertical, being bent down 

 and concealed between the two rings, becoming visible, how- 

 ever, from above in Hepialus (Sthenopis), in which respect it 

 strikingly resembles the position and development of the same 

 piece in the neuropterous Polystoechotes. The scutum is large, 

 with convex sides, broadest behind the middle, and deeply 

 notched for the reception of the triangular scutellum, which 

 is about one-fourth the size of the scutum. The postscutellum 

 is transverse, and situated out of sight, unless the two hinder 

 thoracic rings are separated, under the scutellum. The epi- 

 sterna and trochantines are large, and the whole mesothoracic 

 flanks nearly twice as wide as those of the metathorax. The 



