CERAMBYCID^J. 493 



posing the eggs and larvae to the air, when the birds will soon 

 destroy them. T. monographus does great damage by drilling 

 holes in malt-liquor casks in India. It was calculated that 

 sometimes 134,000 holes were drilled in the staves forming a 

 single cask. Immersion in boiling water has been found an 

 effectual remedy. (Morse.) 



Also associated with Pissodes, we have found in April the 

 galleries of Tomicus pini Say branching out from a common 

 centre. They are filled up with fine chips, and, according to 

 Fitch, are notched in the sides "in which the eggs have been 

 placed, where they would remain undisturbed by the 

 beetle as it crawled backwards and forth through the 1 

 gallery." These little beetles have not the long snout 

 of the weevils, hence they cannot bore through the 

 outer bark, but enter into the burrows made the pre- / 

 ceding year, and distribute their eggs along the sides. 

 (Fitch.) T. xylographus Say (Fig. 475) is often a Fig. 476. 

 most formidable enemy to the white pine in the North, and the 

 yellow pine in the South. The genus Cryphalus is a slenderer 

 form. A species, probably the C. materarius of Fitch (Fig. 

 476), has been found by Mr. Huntington of Kelly's Island, to 

 bore into empty wine casks and spoil them for use. 



CERAMBYCID^: Leach. (Longicornia Latreille). This im- 

 mense family, numbering already nearly 4,000 known species, 

 comprises some of the largest, most showy, as well as the most 

 destructive insects of the suborder. They are readily recog- 

 nized by their oblong, often cylindrical bodies, the remarkably 

 long, filiform, recurved antennae, and the powerful incurved 

 mandibles. Their eggs are introduced into the cracks in the 

 bark of plants by the long fleshy extensile tip of the abdo- 

 men. The larvae are long, flattened, cylindrical, fleshy, often 

 footless whitish grubs^ with very convex rings, the prothoracic 

 segment being much larger and broader than the succeeding, 

 while the head is small and armed with strong sharp mandi- 

 bles adapted for boring like an auger in the hardest woods. 



These borers live from one to three years before transform- 

 ing, at the end of which time they construct a cocoon of chips 

 at the end of their burrows, the head of the pupa lying next 



