(35) r 



force only one cause, the chemical action which the elements of the 

 food and the oxygen of the air mutually exercise on each other. 

 The only known ultimate cause of vital force, either in animals or 

 in plants, is a chemical process." 



"If we consider the force which determines the vital phenomena 

 as a property of certain substances, this view leads of itself to a new 

 and more rigorous consideration of certain singular phenomena, 

 which these very substances exhibit, in circumstances in which they 

 no longer make a part of living organisms." 



Also OWEN, RICHARD, (Derivative Hypothesis of Life and 

 Species, forming the 4Oth chapter of his Anatomy of Vertebrates, 

 republished in Am. J. Sci., II, xlvii, 33, Jan. 1869.) "In the en- 

 deavor to clearly comprehend and explain the functions of the com- 

 bination of forces called ' brain,' the physiologist is hindered and 

 troubled by the views of the nature of those cerebral forces which 

 the needs of dogmatic theology have imposed on mankind." * * 

 " Religion pure and undefined, can best answer how far it is right- 

 eous or just to charge a neighbor with being unsound in his princi- 

 ples who holds the term ' life ' to be a sound expressing the sum 

 of living phenomena ; and who maintains these phenomena to be 

 modes of force into which other forms of force have passed, from 

 potential to active states, and reciprocally, through the agency of 

 these sums or combinations offerees impressing the mind with the 

 ideas signified by the terms 'monad,' 'moss,' 'plant,' or 'animal.'" 



And HUXLEY, THOS. H., " On the Physical Basis of Life," Uni- 

 versity Series, No. i. College Courant, 1870. 



Per contra, see the Address of Dr. F. A. P. Barnard, as retir- 

 ing President, before the Am. Assoc. for the Advancement of Sci- 

 ence, Chicago meeting, August, 1868. "Thought cannot be a 

 physical force, because thought admits of no measure." 



GOULD, BENJ. APTHORP, Address as retiring President, before 

 the American Association at its Salem meeting, Aug., 1869. 



BEALE, LIONEL S., " Protoplasm, or Life, Matter, and Mind." 

 London, 1870. John Churchill Sons. 



37 For an excellent account of this distinguished man, see You- 

 mans's Introduction to the Correlation and Conservation of Forces, 

 p. xvii 



