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therefore required to admit the growth of human intelli- 

 gence from a primitive state of inactivity and absolute 

 ignorance ; including the development of one important 

 mode of its expression speech ; as well as that of the 

 moral qualities, and of man's social system the form in 

 which his ideas of morality were first displayed. 



The expression "evolution of morality" need not 

 offend, for the question in regard to the laws of this 

 evolution is the really important part of the discussion, 

 and it is to the opposing views on this point that the 

 most serious interest attaches. 



The two views of evolution already treated of, held 

 separately, are quite opposed to each other. The first 

 (and generally received) lays stress on the influence of 

 external surroundings, as the stimulus to and guidance 

 of development : it is the counterpart of Darwin's prin- 

 ciple called Natural Selection in material progress. 

 This might be called the Conflict theory. The second 

 view recognizes the workings of a force whose nature 

 we do not know, whose exhibitions accord perfectly with 

 their external surroundings (or other exhibitions of it- 

 self), without being under their influence or more re- 

 lated to them, as effect to cause, than the notes of the 

 musical octave or the colors of the spectrum are to each 

 other. This is the Harmonic theory. In other words, 

 the first principle deduces perfection from struggle and 

 discord ; the second, from the coincident progress of 

 many parts, forming together a divine harmony com- 



