( 47 ) *9* 



little evidence of the existence of a medium of ex- 

 change during the first or stone period, and no doubt 

 barter was the only form of trade. Before the use of 

 metals, shells and other objects were used : remains of 

 money of baked clay have been found in Mexico. Fi- 

 nally, though in still ancient times, the possession of 

 wealth in money gradually became possible and more 

 common, and from that day to this avenues for reaching 

 this stage in social progress has ever been opening. 



But wealth merely indicates a stage of progress, since 

 it is but a comparative term. All men could not become 

 rich, for in that case all would be equally poor. But 

 labor has a still higher goal ; for, thirdly, as capital, it 

 constructs and employs machinery, which does the work 

 of many hands, and thus cheapens products, which is 

 equivalent in effect to an accumulation of wealth to the 

 consumer. And this increase of power may be used 

 for the intellectual and spiritual advance of men, or 

 otherwise, at the will of the men thus favored. Ma- 

 chinery places man in the position of a creator, operat- 

 ing on Nature through an increased number of " second- 

 ary causes." 



Development of intelligence is seen, then, in the 

 following directions : First, in the knowledge of facts, 

 including science; second, in language; third, in the 

 apprehension of* beauty ; and, as consequences of the 

 first of these, the accumulation of power by develop- 

 ment First, of means of subsistence ; and second, of 

 mechanical invention, 



Thus we have two terms to start with in estimating 

 the beginning of human development in knowledge and 

 power : First, the primary capacities of the human mind 

 itself; second, a material world, whose infinitely varied 



