SHALLOW-WATER STARFISHES 227 



pi. xviii, 1877. Bush, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 246, 1883. Murdoch, 

 Report Intern, Boundary Exped., p. 159, 1885. Ganong, Echinod. New. 

 Brunswick, Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Bruns., vin, p. 35, pi i, fig. 9, 

 1888. Pfeffer, Jahr. Hamb. Wiss. Ans., 1889, pp. 69, 88, 95, 1890. 

 Fewkes, Proc. Essex Inst., p. 62, 1891. ? Ives, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

 Philadelphia, p. 212, pi. ix, figs. 1-4, 1891 (Japan). Verrill, Amer. 

 Journ. Sci., xlix, p. 205, 1895 (distribution). Ludwig, Fauna Arctica, 

 I, p. 472, 1900 (synonymy, etc.). Brunchorst, Bergens Mus. Aarbog, i, 

 p. 28, 1902. Masterman, Trans. Royal Society of Edinburgh, xi, pp. 373- 

 418, pis. i-v, 1902 (Abstract in Nature, Lxv, p. 551) (development). 

 Mortensen, Echinod. from E. Greenland, p. y2, pi. n, figs. 7-9, 1903 

 (varieties). Clark, Echinoderms of Woods Hole Region, op. cit., 1904, 

 p. 555, pi. Ill, figs. 10, 11; pi. IV, fig. 22. 



Echinaster scrobiculata Danielssen and Koren, Norske Nordhavsexped., 

 Nyt. Mag. Naturvidsk., xxviii, p. 3, pis. i, 11, 1883 (young) ; Norwegian 

 North Atlantic Expedition, Z06I., Asteroidea, p. 40, pi. vi, figs. 10, ix; 

 pi. VII, figs. 12-14, 1884. Ludwig, Fauna Arctica, i, 476, igoo (young). 



Henricia sanguinolenta Bell, Catal. Echinod., p. 95, 1892. Grieg, Bergens 

 Mus. Aarbog, pp. 8, 12, i8g6. Scott, Proc. Royal Phil. Soc. Edinburgh, 

 p. 189, 1897. Fisher, 1911&, p. 271, pi. lxv, figs, i, 2; pi. lxvi, figs. 1-5; 

 pi. Lxviii, fig. 3. Coe, Echinoderms of Connecticut, p. 65, pi. i, figs. 1-3; 

 pi XI, figs. 1-4, 1912. 



Disk of moderate size or small. Rays five, evenly rounded in life, 

 rather long and slender, varying to stouter forms of moderate 

 length, usually evenly tapered to rather slender tips. 



The radii of a well grown typical New England specimen of 

 average proportions, are 14 mm. and 62 mm. ; ratio, about i : 4.5 ; 

 in another, 13 mm. and 58 mm.; ratio, about 1:4.5. Many have 

 shorter rays. Ambulacral grooves are narrow and deep, often nearly 

 closed up, so that their marginal spines interlock. 



The dorsal and lateral skeleton is composed of a great number of 

 small, nearly equal, mostly rounded and elliptical ossicles, united 

 endwise into a fine-meshed reticulated skeleton, showing no median 

 row of larger ossicles. 



All the ossicles are covered with divergent clusters of small, 

 slender, rough-tipped spinules, nearly uniform over the dorsal sur- 

 face and sides of the rays, and on the disk. The papular areas, in 

 the meshes, are small and usually bear but one to three papulae. 



The madreporic plate is small, with only a few rough gyri, and 

 sometimes spinulose. The pseudo-anal pore is usually very distinct 

 and guarded by small incurved spinules. 



The superomarginal and inferomarginal ossicles are similar in 

 size, and form two distinct rows low down toward the ventral side 

 of the rays. Distally they are near together and parallel, closely 

 united, leaving only a simple row of papular pores between them ; 



