SHALLOW-WATER STARFISHES 259 



Crossaster Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc, x, pp. 345, 356, 1866 (here first re- 

 stricted). A. Agassiz, N. American Starfishes, p. 98, pi. xii (structure), 

 1877. Duncan and Sladen, op. cit., p. 36, 1881. Sladen, Voy. Challenger, 

 XXX, p. 444, 1889. 



Solaster (pars) Danielssen and Koren, p. 48, pi. ix, 1884. 



Rays variable in number, usually ten to twelve. Dorsal skeleton 

 feebly developed, flexible, the ossicles slender and openly reticulated, 

 leaving numerous rather large papular areas. The dorsal and mar- 

 ginal plates bear elongated pseudopaxillas, with numerous slender 

 spinules clustered in the form of a brush or pencil, the middle ones 

 longest. Superomarginals feebly developed; inferomarginals much 

 larger, with large pencils of spinules; actinal plates few, sometimes 

 lacking. Adambulacral spines form a regular furrow-series, usually 

 three to five to a plate, and an exterior transverse comb of longer, 

 webbed spines. 



The dorsal ossicles do not form definite, oblique, transverse rows 

 on the sides of the rays, as they do in Solaster. 



CROSSASTER PAPPOSUS (Linne) Miiller and Troschel. 

 Plate V, figure 2; plate viii, figures i, 2; plate ix, figure 4; plate XLix, figure 4. 



Asterias papposa LiNNi, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1098, 1767. Walch, p. 76, 1774. 



0. F. Miiller, op. cit., p. 234. 1776. Fabricius, Fauna Groenlandica, p. 369, 

 1780. 



Solaster papposus Forbes, Mem. Wern. Soc, viii, p. 121, 1839; Brit. Starfishes, 

 p. 112, fig., 1841. Stimpson, Invert. Grand Manan, p. 15, 1853. Miiller 

 and Troschel, Syst., p. 26, 1842. Liitkei?, Oversigt over Gronlands Echino- 

 dermata, p. 40, 1857. Perrier, Stellerides du Mus., Arch. Zool. Exper., 

 p. 94. Viguier, Squelette des Stell., op. cit., p. 124, 1878. Danielssen and 

 Koren, op. cit., p. 48, pi. ix, fig. 12, 1884. Fisher, op. cit., 191 1&, p. 325, 

 pi. xciv, figs. 1-6. 



Solaster (Polyaster) papposus Gray, op. cit., p. 183, 1840; Synopsis, p. 5, 1866. 



Crossaster papposus Muller and Troschel, Wieg. Arch., iv, part i, p. 183, 

 1840. Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., x, p. 345, 1866. A. Agassiz, 

 North Amer. Starfishes, pp. 99, 112, pi. xii, figs. 1-5, 1877. Bush, op. cit., 

 p. 246, 1883. Verrill, Expl. Albatross, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1883, 

 p. 541, 1885. Murdoch, op. cit, p. 159, 1885. Fewkes, op. cit., p. 63, fig., 

 1891. Duncan and Sladen, op. cit., p. 36, pi. in, figs. 1-4, 1881. Sladen, 

 Voy. Challenger, Zool., xxx, p. 444, 1889. Ganong, Echinod. New Bruns- 

 wick, p. 31, fig., 1898. Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., XLix, p. 201, 1895 (dis- 

 tribution). Perrier, op. cit., p. 40, 1896. 



Crossaster papposus Doderlein, op. cit., p. 338, 1899. Ludwig, Fauna Arctica, 



1, p. 460, 1900 (synonymy and distribution). 



Asterias afUnis and ? Asterias alboverrucosa Brandt, Prod. Descr. Anim., 

 p. 271, 1835 (young, described from colored figures). 



