A^^IT" PARTS DEVELOPED BY FRUCTIFICATION 103 



Parts Useless in Fructification. — The only i)()rti()n of the flower which 

 is certain to he in no case utihzed in fructification, and, therefore, to 

 disappear after fertiHzation, is the actual stigma, and the stamens when 

 they are non-adlicrent. The stamens, as has been shown, may be ser- 

 viceable for other purposes, so that their death depends rather upon 

 the performance of their inchxichial function than upon fertihzation. 

 In proterogynons flowers this function is actuall\- stinnilate(l by the 

 conii)k'tion of fertiH/ation in their own flower. 



Parts Useful in Fructification. — Upon the other hand, we are not 

 certain of a requisition in every case for the preservation and develop- 

 ment of any part other than the particular ovules which l)ecome fer- 

 tilized, the ovarian walls of the i)istil or pistils containing them (and 

 in some cases only a part of these), and of the torus. The death or 

 decay, therefore, of any or all of the other parts will be determined by 

 the indiA-idnal or class habit of the plant concerned. 



Accrescent Parts. — To any part other than the ovary, which thus 

 develops and enlarges as a part of the fruit, the term Accrescent is 

 ai)plie<l. 



Accessory Fruits. — Fruits of which such accrescent i)arts form the 

 conspicuous ])ortion are called Accessory fruits. 



New Parts Developed by Fructification. — Finally, we must note that 

 new ])arts, of service in the fruit, frequently develop in the course of 

 fructiflcation, u])on either pericarj) or seeds, just as special a])])endages 

 develop u))on the floral organs for performing special function in con- 

 nection with pollination. That such additional parts exhibit little, if 

 any, (le\-eloi)nient (Jui'ing the floral stage, is due to the fact that an 

 enormous waste of energy on the i)art of the plant would thus be 

 involved. Of all the flowers j)roduce(l by a plant, only a niiiioi- ])ortion 

 usually accom])lish fructiflcation, and of all the ovules produced by any 

 gynaecium only a minor j)ortion usually produce seeds. The develop- 

 ment of these su])erfluous flowers and o\ules constitutes in itself a 

 serious waste, l)ut it is a necessary or, upon the whole, an economical 

 one, as it tends in the end to secure the full degree of fructification by 

 tiie plant. The develojiment, however, upon such superfluous flowers 

 or ovules, of parts which will be of value only in case fructiflcation is 

 effected, would be anything l)ut (>cononiieal. Hence the general 

 rule that ])arts of the fruit which are of no use in elfiM-ting ])ollination 

 and fertilization are not (le\-elope(l until after these functions are 

 performed. 



