TRAASl'ORTATIOX OF THE FRUIT 



107 



in the Labidfar. Tlie newly formed walls are not always vertical. The 

 fruit of Arsrlii/noiiwne (Fig. 351) and that of Sophora (Fig. 352) divide 

 trans\(M-seiy into one-seeded joints. 



Special Defensive Provisions, ("oneerning the protection of tlii' fruit 

 and seeds, we note that its full accomplishment often calls for other 

 defensive i)rovisions than those against merely mechanical forces, in 

 the form of appendages constituting an armor. These are sometimes 

 an outgrowth from the ovary itself, as in Sfnuiioniinn (Fig. 282), some- 

 times u])on an enclosing calyx (Fig. 283), an enclosing wall consisting 

 of a hollowed branch, ;is ni tlu> i)rickly pear (Fig. 281 ), or soinetiines upon 



Fig. 279. Cro-ss-sfction of yoiiiiK fruit of Calcsium, the cells tlisappuiiriiis; uxicpt that in wliich an 

 ovule has been fertilized. 2S0. Diospyros, the same. 2S1. Fruit of Opuntia, immersed in prickly end 

 of branch. 282. F'ruit of Datura, with prickly ovary. 283. Of Riancjc, with prickly calyx. 284. Of 

 Castena, with prickly involucre. 285. Three palm-fruit.s from the same tree, with one or two, a, with 

 none, of the cells aborted. 



an enclosing involucre, as in the chestinit burr (Fig. 284). At other 

 times the protection is secured by develoi)ing acrid or otherwise dis- 

 agreeable pericarps, as the husk of the walnut or the pulp of the colo- 

 cynth. These defences may be ett'ective only during the maturing stage, 

 as already pointed out, or their deterrent action may be permanent. 

 In tlie same direction are to be considered the effects of ])oi.sonous 

 principles proper and the inedible nature of a pericarp pending the 

 maturing of the seed, })ut which afterward becomes edible. 



Transportation of the Fruit.- The transfer of the fruit to the jjlace of 

 germination is securetl by inctliods which for the ni(»t part admit of 



