Carnivores 
One tooth in each jaw is peculiarly large and modified for 
this purpose and has been named the ‘‘carnassial-tooth’” or 
‘*flesh-tooth.” 
The feet of the carnivores are moderate and never elongated, 
as in the hoofed animals, and are provided with sharp claws; 
these are frequently ‘‘retractile,” that is capable of being with- 
drawn into folds of the skin and thus protected from wear and 
tear while the animal is walking. The carnivores are said to 
be plantigrade or digitigrade, according to whether the whole 
foot touches the ground when walking, as in the bears, or only 
the tips of the toes, as in the cats. 
The families found in eastern North America are as follows: 
|. FEET MODIFIED INTO FLIPPERS, SUBORDER PINNIPEDIA 
l. Eared Seals. Family Otartide. Hind flippers capable of 
being turned forward for walking when on land, head 
seal-like, ears small, but well developed. 
Il. Walruses. Family Odobenide. Hind flippers used in walk- 
ing as in the last. Body enormous and unwieldy, no 
external ears, upper canine teeth immensely elongated 
into long down-pointing tusks. 
Hl. Seals. Family Phocide. Hind flippers directed backward 
and only capable of use for swimming, no external ear 
and no tusks. 
Il. FEET NOT MODIFIED INTO FLIPPERS, SUBORDER FISSIPEDIA 
A. TOES, FIVE ON ALL FEET 
IV. Weasels, Otters, etc. Family Mustelida. Size generally 
small and shape slender, with long tail (except the 
wolverine and badger). Tail sometimes tipped with 
black, but never annulated. 
V. Raccoons, etc. Family Procyontde. Size medium, tail 
long, generally bushy and annulated, black and white 
for its whole length. 
VI. Bears. Family Urside. Size large, tail very short, uniform 
in colour with the back. 
B. ToOEs, FIVE ON THE FORE FEET, BUT FOUR ON THE HIND FEET 
VII. Wolves and Foxes. Family Canide. Toes not retractile. 
VIIl. Cats. Family Felide. Toes retractile. 
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